Conference table tehran yalta potsdam. Participation of the USSR in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam conferences of allies and their significance for the post-war world order

Place, time,
the participants
Key solutions
Tehran conference
November-December 1943
Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt
Adopted a Declaration on Joint Actions in the War against Fascist Germany
Resolved the issue of opening a second front in Europe
Treaty on the territorial structure of post-war Europe:
The Baltic States are recognized as part of the USSR
USSR surrendered part of East Prussia
Independent Poland was restored within the pre-war borders
The independence of Austria and Hungary was proclaimed
The USSR promised to declare war on Japan no later than three months after the end
hostilities in Europe
Postponed the decision of the question of the future structure of Germany
Yalta conference
February 1945
Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt
Defeat plan and terms of Germany's unconditional surrender agreed
The issue of dividing defeated Germany into four zones of occupation has been resolved: English,
American, Soviet and French.
The USSR's demand for reparations from Germany in the amount of $ 10 billion (50%
from all of us)
The main principles of politics in the post-war world were outlined, it was decided to convene the Constituent
a conference for the development of the UN Charter, in which the USSR received three seats - for the RSFSR,
Ukraine and Belarus
The USSR's right to influence the situation in the countries of Eastern Europe was confirmed: in Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia
The USSR confirmed its promise to enter the war with Japan and received the consent of the Allies for
joining the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin
Potsdam (Berlin)
the conference
July-August 1945 Stalin,
Truman, Churchill, then
Attlee is the new prime minister
The issue of the four-sided occupation of Germany and the administration of Berlin is resolved
Resolved the issue of reparations from Germany in favor of the USSR in the form of industrial equipment
The principles of demilitarization, denazification, democratization and demonopolization have been developed
Germany (plan 4D)
International Military Tribunal established to try the main Nazi military
criminals
The western border of Poland was determined (the transfer of part of the German territory to it to the line of rivers
Oder - Western Neisse)
East Prussia with the city of Konigsberg was transferred to the USSR

Post-war reconstruction and development of the USSR (1945-1952)
Political regime
Liquidation of GKO
Strengthening the autocracy of Stalin
Transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR into the Council of Ministers of the USSR,
Commissariats - to the ministries
Strengthening the positions of the administrative-repressive
apparatus
The growing role of the CPSU (b) (since 1952 - the CPSU) in life
societies
A new round of political repression:
"Leningradskoe Delo"
"The Shakhurin-Novikov case"
"Doctors' case"
"Mingrelian case"
"Case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee"
Development of the draft of the third program of the VKP (b)
The need and hopes of different segments of the population for
democratization of public life
Changing state-church relations
The struggle for power among the Stalinist entourage
Economic sphere
IV five-year plan for the restoration and development of the
farms (1946-1950)
Famine of 1846
Refurbishment works and new industrial
construction
Monetary reform and abolition of the card system
(December 1947)
Labor heroism of the Soviet people
Strengthening responsibility for encroachment on
state and collective farm property
Restoration of destroyed collective farms, machine and tractor stations and state farms
Use in the national economy of labor
prisoners and special envoys
Creation of collective farms in the western regions of Ukraine and
Belarus, in the Baltic republics.
Saving command-administrative methods
economic management

Education and Science. Cultural development
Restoration and strengthening of the material and technical base of culture
Resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) 1946-1948 on the question
literature and art
Completion of the transition to universal seven-year
learning
Campaign against "bourgeois cosmopolitanism" in
science and culture
Development of forms of evening and extramural education
higher
Discussions on Philosophy, Linguistics and Politics
savings
Achievements of scientists in the creation of nuclear weapons and
rocketry
Promotion of the advantages of socialism (real and imaginary)
in fiction
Strengthening party and state control over
cultural development
Foreign policy
Potsdam Conference of the Heads of the Three Great Powers
Formation of the world socialist system
The split of Europe
Assistance in the creation of regimes of "people's
democracy "
The emergence of confrontation between two world socio-political systems: socialism and capitalism
Bilateral treaties of friendship and mutual assistance
The beginning of the cold war
Creation of the Cominformburo
Ideologization of international relations
Organization of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(CMEA), 1949
World Peace Movement
Soviet-Yugoslav conflict

In the section on the question Tell us about the conferences. It is advisable to briefly talk about the conferences during the Second World War. Tehran, Yalta Potsdam. given by the author Liza Sidelnikova the best answer is TAGER? ANSKAYA CONFERE? ENTSIA is a meeting of the heads of government of the three allied powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR I. V. Stalin, US President F.D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister W. Churchill. At the conference, held from November 28 to December 1, 1943 in Tehran (Iran), the Declarations on joint actions in the war against Germany and on post-war cooperation of the three allied powers were adopted, the decision to open no later than May 1, 1944 a second front in Europe, on post-war borders of Poland. The USSR delegation, meeting the wishes of the allies, promised to declare war on Japan after the defeat of the German army.
KR? YMSK CONFERE? ENTSIA (Yalta Conference) - a meeting of the heads of government of the allied powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR I.V. Stalin, US President F.D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister W. Churchill with the participation of foreign ministers, chiefs of higher staffs. The meetings of the Big Three (Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill) were held on February 4-11, 1945 in the Livadia Palace near Yalta at a time when hostilities entered their final stage. The conference agreed on plans for the final defeat of Germany, determined the attitude towards Germany after her surrender, outlined the principles of the post-war world order. In order to create a lasting peace and a system of international security, the participants in the Crimean conference declared the need to destroy German militarism and Nazism.
BERL? INSKAYA CONFERE? UNION 1945 (Potsdam Conference) (July 17 - August 2, Potsdam) of the heads of the representations of the main powers - the victors in World War II: the USSR (J.V. Stalin), the USA (G. Truman) and Great Britain (W. Churchill, from July 28 K. Attlee). Made a decision on the demilitarization and denazification of Germany, the destruction of the German monopolies, on reparations, on the western border of Poland; confirmed the transfer of the city of Konigsberg and the adjacent area to the USSR, etc.

Yalta (Crimean) Conference of the Allied Powers (4-11 February 1945)- the second of three meetings of the leaders of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition - Great Britain, the USSR and the USA, dedicated to the establishment of the post-war world order.

Tasks

1. it was required to draw new state borders on the territory, more

recently occupied by the Third Reich. At the same time, it was necessary to establish unofficial, but generally recognized by all parties, demarcation lines between the spheres of influence of the allies - a business that was started back in Tehran.

2.the allies were well aware that after the disappearance of a common enemy

the forced unification of the West and the Bolsheviks would lose all meaning, and therefore it was necessary to create procedures to guarantee the immutability of the dividing lines drawn on the world map.

Redistribution of borders. In this regard, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin managed to find a common language on almost all issues.

Poland. The USSR received the western border with Poland along the so-called "Curzon Line", established back in 1920, with a deviation from it in some areas from 5 to 8 km in favor of Poland. In fact, the border returned to the position at the time of the division of Poland between Germany and the USSR in 1939 under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

Germany. A fundamental decision was made on the occupation and division of Germany into occupation zones and on the allocation of its own zone to France. A specific settlement of the issue regarding the zones of occupation of Germany was reached even before the Crimean Conference and was fixed in the “Protocol of the Agreement between the Governments of the USSR, the USA and the United Kingdom on zones the occupation of Germany and the administration of Greater Berlin "dated September 12, 1944.

This decision predetermined the split of the country for many decades: on the territory of the Soviet zone October 7, 1949 was formed German Democratic Republic after the rest of the German lands were merged into Federal Republic of Germany. There was also talk about the secession of East Prussia (later, after Potsdam, the current Kaliningrad region). The Crimean Conference participants stated that their unyielding goal is:

· Destroy German militarism and Nazism and create guarantees;

· To subject all criminals of war to just and swift punishment ...;

· To wipe out the Nazi party, Nazi laws, organizations and institutions;

· To eliminate all Nazi and militaristic influence from public institutions, from the cultural and economic life of the German people. "

At the same time, the communiqué of the conference emphasized that after the eradication of Nazism and militarism, the German people will be able to take a worthy place in the community of nations.

Balkans... The perennial Balkan issue was also discussed - in particular, the situation in Yugoslavia and Greece. It is believed that Stalin allowed Great Britain to decide the fate of the Greeks, as a result of which later clashes between communist and pro-Western formations in this country were resolved in favor of the latter. On the other hand, it was actually recognized that the power in Yugoslavia will receive the pro-Moscow detachments. Josip Broz Tito, who, however, were recommended to take the "democrats" into the government.

Poland. Although Poland by that time had been under German rule for the sixth year, there was a provisional government of this country in exile in London, which was recognized by the USSR and therefore could well claim power in its country after the end of the war. However, Stalin in Crimea managed to get the allies to agree to the creation of a new government in Poland itself "with the inclusion of democratic leaders from Poland itself and Poles from abroad." This decision, implemented in the presence of Soviet troops, allowed the USSR in the future, without much difficulty, to form a political regime that suited it in Warsaw.

Declaration on a Liberated Europe... It assumed, in particular, the restoration of the sovereign rights of the peoples of these territories, as well as the right of the allies to jointly "help" these peoples to "improve the conditions" for the exercise of these very rights. The declaration said: "The establishment of order in Europe and the reconstruction of national economic life must be achieved in such a way that will allow the liberated peoples to destroy the last traces of Nazism and fascism and create democratic institutions of their own choice." The idea of joint assistance, as expected, later did not become a reality: each victorious power had power only in those territories where its troops were located. As a result, each of the former allies in the war began to diligently support their own ideological allies at the end of the war. Europe in a few years divided into obedient Moscow socialist camp and Western Europe where Washington, London and Paris tried to resist communist sentiments.

Reparations. Once again, the question of reparations was raised. However, the allies were never able to finally determine the amount of compensation - it was only decided that the United States and Great Britain would give Moscow 50 percent of all reparations.

Far East. The fate of the Far East was fundamentally decided in a separate document. In exchange for the participation of Soviet troops in the campaign against Japan, Stalin received very large concessions from the United States. Firstly, the USSR received the Kuriles and South Sakhalin, which had been lost in the Russo-Japanese war. In addition, Mongolia retained its status as a satellite of Moscow. The Soviet side was also promised the long-lost Port Arthur and the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER).

UN. In Yalta, the implementation of the idea of a new League of Nations was also started. The Allies needed an intergovernmental organization capable of preventing attempts to change the established boundaries of spheres of influence. It was at the conferences of the winners in Tehran and Yalta and at the intermediate negotiations in Dumbarton Oaks that the ideology of the United Nations was formed.

Berlin Conference 1945 (Potsdam Conference).(July 17 - August 2 - Potsdam) of the heads of the representations of the main powers - the victors in World War II: the USSR ( I. V. Stalin), USA ( G. Truman) and Great Britain ( W. Churchill, with July 28 K. Attlee). Made a decision:

On the demilitarization and denazification of Germany,

The destruction of German monopolies,

About reparations,

· About the western border of Poland;

· Confirmed the transfer of the city of Konigsberg and the adjacent area to the USSR, etc.

BERLIN (POTSDAM) CONFERENCE 1945, held from July 17 to August 2 at the Cecilienhod Palace in Potsdam, near Berlin. The heads of the victorious countries of the Second World War - J.V. Stalin (USSR), W. Churchill (after the change of the conservative government in Great Britain to Labor - K. Attlee), G. Truman (USA). At the very beginning of the Berlin Conference, the American project was approved for the creation of the Council of Foreign Ministers of Great Britain, USSR, China, France and the United States, that is, five permanent member states UN Security Council. The central place in the negotiations was occupied by the German problem. A decision was made on the complete disarmament and demilitarization of Germany, the abolition of all its armed forces, the SS, SA, SD and Gestapo, and the elimination of the war industry. At the same time, the reconstruction of the political life of Germany on a democratic basis was envisaged. In Potsdam, in contrast to the Crimean (Yalta) Conference of 1945, the question of the dismemberment of Germany was not considered. The decisions of the Berlin Conference stated that the Allied Powers "do not intend to destroy or plunge the German people into slavery." Disagreements arose during the discussion of the question of reparations. However, the USSR and the USA managed to work out a compromise solution, according to which the Soviet Union received reparations from its zone of occupation and at the expense of German investments abroad (as well as an additional 25% of industrial equipment from the western zones). On the question of the Polish-German border, Stalin's proposal (the border along the Oder-Neisse) was accepted, although Churchill strongly opposed the expansion of Poland's west. Danzig (Gdansk) and most of East Prussia also withdrew to Poland. Konigsberg (since 1946 Kaliningrad) with the adjacent area was transferred to the USSR. Serious friction arose when discussing the topic of a peace settlement with some of Germany's former allies. The Soviet side confirmed commitment to the participation of the USSR in the war against Japan(The USSR entered the war August 9, 1945) The decisions of the Berlin Conference had mixed consequences. On the one hand, the spheres of influence were divided between the USSR and the Western powers, on the other hand, the conference drew a line under the six-year period of the world war. Although the anti-Hitler coalition was living out its last days and hidden cracks in relations between its members emerged, in Potsdam the three powers were able to come to an agreement on many issues of the post-war order. However, in the future, the cooperation of these powers gave way to the "cold war".

Tehran (November 28-December 1, 1943), Yalta (February 4-11, 1945) and Poddam (July 17-August 2, 1945) conferences - conferences of the heads of government of the three allied powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II: USSR (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR I. Stalin), the USA (President F.D. Roosevelt; on Poddamskaya - G. Truman) and Great Britain (Prime Minister W. Churchill; on Poddamskaya he was replaced by K. Attlee), at which the main issues of military interaction, international relations, economic ties and the post-war world order. Among others, the conferences considered the question of the future of Germany. Considering that she unleashed two wars over 25 years, the parties paid special attention to her post-war organization. Churchill said that Germany must be divided into several new state formations in order to exclude the revival of German expansionism. Roosevelt proposed to divide Germany into five parts and transfer Kiel, Hamburg, Ruhr and Saar to the control of the United Nations. Stalin believed that it was impossible to destroy Germany, and there are no measures that could exclude the possibility of her unification. He proposed not to create new non-viable state formations, to grant independence to Austria and Hungary, and to solve the problem of Germany on the path of its demilitarization and democratization. The final decision on this issue, however, was not taken, the issue was referred to the European Consultation Commission for study. In Yalta, the question of the fate of Germany was again considered. Churchill proposed separating Prussia from Germany and forming a South German state with its capital in Vienna. Stalin and Roosevelt agreed that Germany should be dismembered. However, having made this decision, the Allies did not establish any approximate territorial contours or a procedure for dismemberment. Roosevelt and Churchill offered to grant France a zone of occupation in Germany, and Roosevelt stressed that American troops would not remain in Europe for more than two years. But Stalin did not want to grant this right to France. Roosevelt initially agreed with him. However, then Roosevelt said that if France was included in the Control Commission, which was supposed to rule occupied Germany, it would force the French to make concessions. Stalin, who was met halfway on other issues, agreed to such a decision. At the Potsdam Conference, an agreement was reached on the procedure for exercising control over Germany, over which four-sided control was established by the occupying powers - the USSR, England, the USA and France, and a single governing body was created - the Allied Control Council.

War with Japan. Sources and reasons for the victory of the Soviet people in

Great Patriotic War. Results of the war. Material and human

Losses of the USSR.

The Soviet-Japanese War is an armed conflict in August-September 1945 between the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People's Republic on the one hand and Imperial Japan and the state of Manchukuo on the other. It ended with the victory of Soviet troops over the Kwantung Army in Manchuria, Japanese troops in South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands and the signing of the Act of Japan's surrender.

The Soviet-Japanese war was of great political and military importance. So on August 9, at an emergency meeting of the Supreme Council for War Leadership, Japanese Prime Minister Suzuki said:

The entry of the Soviet Union into the war this morning puts us finally in a hopeless position and makes it impossible for the further continuation of the war.

The Soviet Army defeated the powerful Kwantung Army of Japan. The Soviet Union, having entered the war with the Japanese Empire and making a significant contribution to its defeat, hastened the end of World War II. American leaders and historians have repeatedly stated that without the USSR entering the war, it would have continued for at least another year and would have cost an additional several million human lives.

General MacArthur, commander-in-chief of the American armed forces in the Pacific Ocean, believed that "Victory over Japan can only be guaranteed if the Japanese ground forces are defeated." US Secretary of State E. Stettinius argued the following:

On the eve of the Crimean Conference, the American chiefs of staff convinced Roosevelt that Japan could only surrender in 1947 or later, and that its defeat could cost America a million soldiers.

Dwight Eisenhower in his memoirs indicated that he addressed President Harry Truman: "I told him that since the available information indicates the inevitability of the imminent collapse of Japan, I strongly object to the entry of the Red Army into this war" [

For distinctions in battles as part of the 1st Far Eastern Front, 16 formations and units received the honorary name "Ussuriysk", 19 - "Harbin", 149 - were awarded orders. 308 thousand soldiers and officers were awarded orders and medals (87 of them became Heroes of the Soviet Union)

As a result of the war, the USSR actually returned to its composition the territories annexed by Japan from the Russian Empire at the end of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 following the results of the Portsmouth Peace (southern Sakhalin and, temporarily, Kwantung with Port Arthur and Dalny), as well as previously ceded Japan in 1875, the main group of the Kuril Islands and the southern part of the Kuril Islands assigned to Japan by the Shimoda Treaty of 1855.

The last territorial loss by Japan has not been recognized to this day. According to the San Francisco Peace Treaty, Japan renounced any claims to Sakhalin (Karafuto) and the Kuriles (Tishima Ratto). But the treaty did not define the ownership of the islands. And the USSR, including for this reason, did not sign it. However, in 1956, the Moscow Declaration was signed, which ended the state of war and established diplomatic and consular relations between the USSR and Japan. Article 9 of the Declaration, in particular, says:

The USSR, meeting the wishes of Japan and taking into account the interests of the Japanese state, agrees to the transfer of the Habomai Islands and the Sikotan Island to Japan, however, that the actual transfer of these islands to Japan will be made after the conclusion of the Peace Treaty.

However, immediately after signing, Japan began to demand the return of the entire southern Kuril group as a precondition for negotiating a peace treaty. This position of the Japanese government has survived to this day and prevents the conclusion of a peace treaty between Japan and Russia as the successor state of the USSR.

In addition to the USSR, after the end of World War II, Japan is engaged in territorial disputes with a number of other states. Thus, Japan is involved in a territorial dispute with the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China over the ownership of the Senkaku Islands, despite the existence of peace treaties between the countries (the treaty was concluded with the Republic of China in 1952, with the PRC in 1978). In addition, despite the existence of the Basic Treaty on relations between Japan and Korea, Japan and the Republic of Korea are also involved in a territorial dispute over the ownership of the Liancourt Islands.

Despite Article 9 of the Potsdam Declaration, which prescribes the return home of servicemen at the end of hostilities, according to Stalin's order No. 9898, according to Japanese data, up to two million Japanese servicemen and civilians were deported to work in the USSR. Immediately after the end of hostilities, 65,176 wounded and sick were released. Died in captivity 62,069 prisoners of war, of which 22,331 before entering the territory of the USSR. An average of 100,000 people were repatriated annually. By the beginning of 1950, about 3,000 people remained convicted of criminal and war crimes (of which 971 were transferred to China for crimes committed against the Chinese people), who, in accordance with the 1956 Soviet-Japanese declaration, were released ahead of schedule and repatriated to their homeland.

The reasons for the victory of the USSR in the war.

1. The reason for the victory was the Soviet state system. "The popular character of Soviet power determined complete trust people to state leadership in the difficult trials of war. The high centralization of state administration, the well-organized work of the system of state bodies and public organizations ensured the rapid mobilization of all the forces of society to solve the most important tasks, the transformation of the country into a single military camp, close unity of the front and rear. "

2. “socialist social system. The socialist system gave our country enormous vitality in the centuries-old confrontation with the West. He opened up space for the creative forces of the people, rallied them in a single will, created the economic basis for the armed struggle and brought the people's talents to leadership. " That is why the main forces of the enemy were thrown into the destruction of the socialist system as an unprecedentedly powerful, opposing and conquering force. “For the sake of victory and the future of their homeland, millions of Soviet people gave their lives. A historic victory over fascism was won by the Soviet people and Russian socialism, which had barely formed in 20 years. In a fierce struggle against the reactionary West European imperialism, they proved their superiority. "

3. “the unity of Soviet society in the fight against the enemy. The social equality of society, the absence of exploiting classes in it, were the basis for the moral and political unity of all Soviet people during the years of difficult trials. With their minds and hearts, they understood that their strength and hope for salvation from a foreign yoke lay in rallying. The friendship of the peoples of the USSR, based on social homogeneity, socialist ideology and common goals of struggle, has also withstood the test. " The lot of traitors - the anger and contempt of the people - this is the slogan under which the Soviet soldiers fought in battle and the great Soviet people lived all their life.

Inseparable and smoothly stems from the previous reason and the next one, whose name is “the spiritual might of the Soviet people, which caused massive heroism at the front and in the rear. The just liberating goals of the war made it truly Great, Patriotic, People's. Soviet patriotism, which absorbed the military traditions and national pride of Russia, also included socialist ideals. The spiritual power of the people manifested itself in the high morale of the troops and labor tension in the rear, in steadfastness and dedication in fulfilling their duty to the Motherland, in the heroic struggle behind enemy lines and in the mass partisan movement. "

Losses:

There are various estimates of the human losses of the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The differences are associated both with the methods of obtaining the initial quantitative data for different groups of losses, and with the calculation methods.

Some consider official the data that were published by a group of researchers led by the consultant of the Military Memorial Center of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Grigory Krivosheev in 1993 (Doctor of Historical Sciences, General of the Army M.A.Gareev does not consider these data official). Head of the Department of the Ministry of Defense of Russia for perpetuating the memory of those killed in the defense of the Fatherland, Vladimir Popov, on November 13, 2015, named new, updated figures for the losses of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War.

Human losses of the USSR - according to reports of units and formations: 6.329 million servicemen killed and deceased from wounds, 555 thous. those who died from diseases, who died as a result of accidents sentenced to be shot (according to reports from troops, medical institutions, military tribunals), 4.559 million captured (died in captivity according to the calculations of the Krivosheev group 1.784 million) and missing and 500 thous. called up for mobilization, but not enlisted in the lists of troops.

Human losses of Nazi Germany - according to the calculations of the group of Grigory Krivosheev on the Soviet-German front 3 604 800 servicemen died, died of wounds, disappeared, 3 576 300 captured (died in captivity 442.1K). In addition, the demographic losses of the Wehrmacht today, in general, are sufficiently established and systematized in one of the last basic research Rüdiger Overmans. The third edition of his work "German War Losses in World War II" took place in Munich in 2004. According to these data, the demographic losses of the German Armed Forces in all theaters of military operations in 1939-1945 amounted to 5.318 million people killed (including the loss of the Volkssturm, police and paramilitaries), including on the Eastern Front - until 12/31/1944. 1.607 million killed, died of wounds, non-combat losses, and 1.135 million missing persons declared dead. Losses in the undivided 1945 year (according to Overmans' assumption, two-thirds of them fell on the Eastern Front) amounted to 533 thous. killed and dead from wounds, non-combat losses, and 697 thous. missing persons declared dead, losses in captivity amounted to 361 thous. human.

Human losses of the allied countries of Nazi Germany - according to the calculations of the group of Grigory Krivosheev 668 thous. military personnel killed, died of wounds and illness, missing and non-combat losses, and 137.8K killed in captivity, more 662.2 thous. people returned from captivity after the war.

Irrecoverable losses of the armies of the USSR and Nazi Germany - according to the calculations of the group of Grigory Krivosheev 11.5 million and 8.6 million person (not counting 1.6 million prisoners of war after May 9, 1945, unknown losses of the Volkssturm, Hitler Youth, Todt organization, Labor Service, Imperial Railways Service, police), respectively. According to the center of Grigory Krivosheev, the ratio of irrecoverable losses of the armies of the USSR and Germany with satellites is 1,3:1 .

According to the data Federal Service state statistics as of 2015, the population losses of the USSR were:

· As a result of the increase in mortality over the age of 4: 25.5 million people (19.5 million men, 6 million women);

· As a result of a decrease in fertility and an increase in infant mortality: 13.9 million people (7 million men, 6.8 million women).

According to demographic data, the losses of ethnic Germans and Austrians (including those killed on all fronts of the war, but not including the losses of other European countries that attacked the USSR) were:

· 7.4 million people killed and died;

1.7 million losses from declining fertility

A group of researchers led by G.F.Krivosheev estimates the total human losses of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War, determined by the demographic balance method, at 26.6 million people. This includes all those who died as a result of military and other actions of the enemy, who died as a result of an increased mortality rate during the war in the occupied territory and in the rear, as well as persons who emigrated from the USSR during the war years and did not return after its end. For comparison, according to the estimates of the same team of researchers, the decrease in the population of Russia in the First World War (losses of servicemen and civilians) amounted to 4.5 million people, and a similar decrease in the Civil War - 8 million people.

As for the sex composition of the deceased and the deceased, the overwhelming majority were men (about 20 million). On the whole, by the end of 1945, the number of women between the ages of 20 and 29 was twice the number of men of the same age in the USSR.

Considering the work of GF Krivosheev's group, American demographers S. Maksudov and M. Elman come to the conclusion that the estimate of human losses given to her at 26-27 million is relatively reliable. They, however, point to both the possibility of underestimating the number of losses due to incomplete accounting of the population of the territories annexed by the USSR before the war and at the end of the war, and the possibility of overestimating losses due to underestimation of emigration from the USSR in 1941-45. In addition, official estimates do not take into account the drop in the birth rate, due to which the population of the USSR by the end of 1945 should have been approximately 35-36 million less than it would have been in the absence of war. However, this number is considered hypothetical by them, since it is based on insufficiently strict assumptions.

According to another foreign researcher M. Haynes, the number of 26.6 million obtained by G.F.Krivosheev's group sets only the lower limit of all Soviet losses in the war. The total population decline from June 1941 to June 1945 was 42.7 million, and this number corresponds to the upper limit. Therefore, the real number of military losses is in this interval. However, M. Harrison objects to him, who, on the basis of statistical calculations, comes to the conclusion that even taking into account some uncertainty in assessing emigration and a decrease in the birth rate, the real military losses of the USSR should be estimated in the range from 23.9 to 25.8 million people ...

The final decision on this issue, however, was not taken, the issue was referred to the European Consultation Commission for study. In Yalta, the question of the fate of Germany was again considered. Churchill proposed separating Prussia from Germany and forming a South German state with its capital in Vienna. Stalin and Roosevelt agreed that Germany should be dismembered. However, having made this decision, the Allies did not establish any approximate territorial contours or a procedure for dismemberment. Roosevelt and Churchill offered to grant France a zone of occupation in Germany, and Roosevelt stressed that American troops would not remain in Europe for more than two years. But Stalin did not want to grant this right to France. Roosevelt initially agreed with him. However, then Roosevelt said that if France was included in the Control Commission, which was supposed to rule occupied Germany, it would force the French to make concessions. Stalin, who was met halfway on other issues, agreed to such a decision. At the Potsdam Conference, an agreement was reached on the procedure for exercising control over Germany, over which four-sided control was established by the occupying powers - the USSR, England, the USA and France, and a single governing body was created - the Allied Control Council.

The Potsdam Conference in 1945, also the Berlin Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain. The Soviet delegation was headed by I.V. Stalin, American - President H. Truman, British - British Prime Minister W. Churchill, who was then replaced by K. Attlee. The conference was held from July 17 to August 2 at the Cecilienhof Palace in Potsdam and was intended to discuss the problems of the post-war world order.

By this time Germany had surrendered. On May 2, hostilities ceased in the southern direction in Italy, on May 4 at the headquarters of General Montgomery, who commanded the British forces, a document was signed on the surrender of German troops in North-Western Europe, on May 7 at Eisenhower's headquarters in Reims, the surrender of all German armed forces was signed. A similar document was signed by Marshal G.K. Zhukov and German Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel on the night of May 8-9.

Europe was in ruins. Germany and Italy were defeated and dropped out of the game indefinitely as significant powers. Material destruction and the temporary elimination of statehood in many European countries made post-war reconstruction a difficult task.

After the Second World War, two global centers of power emerged - the USA and the USSR, the latter being involved in world affairs on the basis of partnership relatively recently. Nobody wanted a new war. However, the nature of the relationship in " Big Three»Changed dramatically after the death of Roosevelt in April 1945. On the very first day of the conference, Truman proposed the creation of a Council of Foreign Ministers of the five great powers (although neither France nor China participated in the conference), which would deal with peace negotiations and territorial settlement. The proposal was accepted and a meeting of the Council was scheduled for September 1 in London. post war conference germany tehran

The British and American sides refused to consider the issue of reparations in isolation from the issue of aid to the Germans. Food in Germany was produced to a large extent in those eastern regions that Moscow had already transferred under Polish jurisdiction. In turn, the Soviet side, during the discussion of the issue of Italy's admission to the UN, demanded the same permission for Germany's former allies in Southeast Europe. This raised questions to the Soviet representatives regarding the USSR's implementation of the "Declaration on Liberated Europe" adopted in Yalta. The conclusion of peace treaties provided for the recognition of new governments; Western representatives were ready to recognize them only after making sure that they were formed on the basis of election. The Soviet side referred to the state of affairs in Greece, implying that Great Britain itself is not fulfilling its obligations.

During a meeting with Churchill, Stalin said that the USSR was not going to Sovietize Eastern Europe and would allow free elections for all parties except the fascist ones. Churchill returned to "percentage" diplomacy and complained that instead of 50, the USSR received 99 percent in Yugoslavia.

At the very first plenary session, the question of Poland arose again (as in Tehran and Yalta). The Soviet delegation defended the western Polish border along the Oder-Neisse rivers. Truman rebuked Stalin for having already transferred these areas to the Poles without waiting for a peace conference, as agreed in Yalta. At the insistence of the Soviet side, Polish representatives arrived in Potsdam, led by Boleslav Bierut. The Polish delegation demanded German lands and promised democratically elections. Churchill and Truman suggested not to rush, and Churchill expressed doubt that Poland would be able to successfully "digest" such a large territory.

The Polish question, which cost Churchill so much blood, was the last one he discussed as Prime Minister of Great Britain. On July 25, Churchill, together with Foreign Minister A. Eden, departed for London, where he resigned the next day. The new Prime Minister C. Attlee and the new Foreign Minister E. Bevin arrived in Potsdam.

Already in the new composition, the conference came to an agreement on the question of Poland. Poland was to hold free elections with the participation of all democratic and anti-Nazi parties. The final decision on the question of Poland's western border was postponed, but now East German lands were transferred to Poland. The conference agreed to the transfer of the city of Konigsberg and the adjacent territory to the USSR.

An agreement was reached on the procedure for exercising control over Germany. The goals of disarmament, demilitarization and denazification of Germany were proclaimed. All military and paramilitary formations were subject to liquidation. Nazi laws were canceled. The National Socialist Party of Germany and all Nazi institutions were liquidated. War criminals were brought to justice. Active members of the Nazi Party were removed from all significant posts. The German educational system was brought under control in order to destroy Nazi and militaristic doctrines and ensure the development of democracy. Self-government bodies were established on democratic principles throughout Germany. The activities of democratic parties were encouraged. It was decided not to create yet a central German government. The German economy was subject to decentralization, production - to be placed under the control of the Allies, in order to exclude the revival of the military industry. During the period of the allied occupation, Germany was to be considered as a single economic organism, including in terms of currency and taxation.

On the issue of reparations, a compromise was nevertheless reached. The USSR (pledging to transfer part of the reparations to Poland) was to receive them from its zone of occupation, as well as partly from the western zones to the extent that this did not undermine the peaceful German economy.

The German navy was divided in equal proportions between the USSR, the USA and Great Britain. Most of the German submarines were to be sunk. The German merchant fleet, with the exception of ships necessary for river and coastal trade, was also divided among the three powers. Great Britain and the United States allocated from their share of the court to the countries affected by the German aggression.

A number of other agreements were also reached. It was decided to recommend Italy as a country that broke with Germany for membership in the UN. The Council of Foreign Ministers was instructed to prepare peace treaties with Italy, Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary and Romania. The signing of the peace treaties made it possible for these states to join the UN. Spain was denied membership in the UN. It was decided to "improve" the work of the control commissions in Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary. It was proposed to carry out the resettlement of the German population from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary in an "orderly and humane" manner. Allied troops were to be immediately removed from Tehran, and the Council of Foreign Ministers was to decide on the further withdrawal of troops from Iran.

The conference did not agree with the Soviet proposal for the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. Stalin demanded that the Montreux Convention be canceled, that the regime for the straits of Turkey and the USSR be worked out, that the USSR be given the opportunity to organize military bases in the straits on a par with the Turks. Truman proposed a free regime of the Straits with the guarantees of all the great powers. As a result, it was decided that the Montreux Convention should be revised during the contacts of each of the three governments with the Turkish government.

The Potsdam conference resolved the most pressing issues of the post-war order. It became clear that the European order would be built on a confrontational basis. At the Potsdam Conference, for the first time in the history of diplomacy, the nuclear factor emerged. On July 24, in a conversation with Stalin, Truman casually mentioned that the United States had a new weapon of extraordinary destructive power. Stalin replied that he was glad to hear this and hoped that he would find application in the war against Japan. By that time, Stalin had long known about the American atomic project and was rushing Soviet scientists into a similar development. By 1945, three atomic projects were feverishly developing in the world: American (with British participation), Soviet and German. The United States was the first to reach the atomic line.

The Tehran Conference of 1943, the conference of the heads of government of the three allied powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II 1939-1945 (USSR, USA and Great Britain): Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR I.V. Stalin, US President F.D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill. At the conference, which was held from November 28 to December 1, 1943, for the first time the "Big Three" - Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill - gathered in full force.

At the conference, the desire of Roosevelt and Stalin to come to an agreement was clearly indicated. Churchill initially adhered to the old strategy of isolating the Russians. Roosevelt suggested that the Soviet representative be present at all Anglo-American meetings before the general conversation. The idea of global regulation of international relations equally appealed to Roosevelt and Stalin. Churchill was conservative in this respect, did not particularly believe in post-war cooperation with the USSR, doubted the effectiveness of the future new international United Nations Organization (UN) and saw behind this idea a plan to push Great Britain to the periphery of international politics.

The main place in the work of the Tehran conference was occupied by the coordination of the plans of military actions of the allies. Despite the decisions of the previous Allied conferences, Churchill again raised the question of postponing the landing of Anglo-American troops in France and instead carrying out a number of operations in the Balkans (hoping to prevent the expansion of the Soviet sphere of influence). However, Stalin and Roosevelt opposed this, considering the north of France the only suitable place for opening a second front. It was agreed that a second front would be opened in northern France in May 1944. Stalin promised that Soviet troops would launch an offensive at about the same time in order to prevent the transfer of German forces from the Eastern to the Western Front.

The Big Three agreed to try to force Turkey to enter the war on the side of the Allies.

The conference discussed the question of the future of Germany. Roosevelt and Stalin spoke in favor of splitting Germany into small states in order to exclude the revival of German expansionism. Roosevelt proposed to divide Germany into five parts and transfer Kiel, Hamburg, Ruhr and Saar to the control of the United Nations. Stalin made special emphasis on the fact that the unification of Germany must be prevented at all costs. The final decision on this issue, however, was not taken.

The question of Poland was painful at the conference and controversial for Soviet-British relations. By this time, Stalin had broken off relations with the Polish government-in-exile based in London. The question of the execution of Polish servicemen in the Katyn forest near Smolensk, put forward with the support of the British, was viewed by the Kremlin as blackmail in order to force Moscow to make territorial concessions.

In Tehran, Stalin confirmed that the eastern Soviet-Polish border should follow the line established in September 1939, and proposed to move the western Polish border to the Oder. Realizing that Moscow would fight to the death in this matter, Churchill agreed with this proposal, noting that the land received by Poland was much better than the land it was giving away. Stalin also said that the USSR expects to get Konigsberg and move the border with Finland further from Leningrad.

The conference clearly indicated the consent of the Western allies to meet Stalin halfway on the territorial issue. Here, a claim was made that the post-war world would be governed by four powers (USSR, USA, England, France) operating under the auspices of a new international organization. For the USSR, this was a colossal breakthrough; The US also took over global functions for the first time since Wilson; Great Britain, whose role was relatively diminishing, had to be content with the fact that it did not fall out of the Big Three.

The conference adopted the "Declaration on Iran", in which the participants declared "their desire to preserve the full independence, sovereignty and territorial inviolability of Iran."

In conclusion, Stalin promised that the USSR would enter the war against Japan after the defeat of Germany.

The Tehran conference strengthened the cooperation of the main powers of the anti-fascist coalition and agreed on plans for military action against Germany.

The Yalta Conference of 1945, also the Crimean Conference - a conference of the heads of government of the three allied powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II 1939-1945 (USSR, USA and Great Britain): Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR I.V. Stalin, US President F.D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill, with the participation of Foreign Ministers, Chiefs of Chiefs of Staff and other advisers. The Big Three (Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill) gathered on February 4-11 at the Livadia Palace near Yalta at a time when, as a result of the advance of the Soviet Army and the landing of the Allied troops in Normandy, hostilities were transferred to German territory and the war against Nazi Germany entered the final stage. At the Yalta Conference, plans for the final defeat of Germany were agreed, the attitude towards Germany after its unconditional surrender was determined, the basic principles of the general policy in relation to the post-war world order were outlined, and a number of other issues were discussed.

Before Yalta, the British and American delegations met in Malta. Roosevelt intended to continue cooperation with the USSR. In his opinion, Great Britain was an imperialist power, and Roosevelt considered the elimination of the colonial system one of the priorities of the post-war settlement. The USA played a diplomatic game: on the one hand, Great Britain continued to be their closest ally and the atomic project was carried out with the knowledge of London, but in secret from Moscow; on the other hand, Soviet-American cooperation made it possible to carry out global regulation of the system of international relations.

In Yalta, as in 1943 at the Tehran Conference, the question of the fate of Germany was again considered. Churchill proposed separating Prussia from Germany and forming a South German state with its capital in Vienna. Stalin and Roosevelt agreed that Germany should be dismembered. However, having made this decision, the Allies did not establish any approximate territorial contours or a procedure for dismemberment.

Roosevelt and Churchill offered to grant France a zone of occupation in Germany, and Roosevelt stressed that American troops would not remain in Europe for more than two years. But Stalin did not want to grant this right to France. Roosevelt initially agreed with him. However, then Roosevelt said that if France was included in the Control Commission, which was supposed to rule occupied Germany, it would force the French to make concessions. Stalin, who was met halfway on other issues, agreed to such a decision.

The Soviet side raised the issue of reparations (removal of equipment and annual payments) that Germany must pay for the damage caused. However, the amount of reparations was not established, since the British side opposed this. The Americans, on the other hand, welcomed the Soviet proposal to determine the total amount of reparations at $ 20 billion, of which 50 percent were to be paid to the USSR.

The Soviet proposal for membership of the Soviet republics in the future UN was accepted, but their number was limited to two (Molotov proposed two or three - Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania, arguing that the British Commonwealth is fully represented). It was decided to hold a founding UN conference in the United States in April 1945. The Soviet side agreed with the American proposals, according to which a permanent member of the Security Council could not take part in the vote if the issue concerned a member state of the Security Council. Roosevelt received the Soviet concession with enthusiasm.

Roosevelt took seriously the UN trusteeship principle over the colonial territories. When the American side presented the relevant document, Churchill said that he would not allow interference in the affairs of the British Empire. How, Churchill asked, appealing to the USSR, would Stalin react to the proposal to internationalize Crimea? The American side said that they meant territories reclaimed from the enemy, for example, islands in the Pacific Ocean. We agreed that the American proposal applies to the League of Nations mandated territories, territories taken from the enemy, and territories that voluntarily agree to be overseen by the UN.

The conference discussed a number of issues related to European states. Stalin did not dispute British-American control of Italy, which was still in battle. In Greece went Civil War, in which the British troops intervened on the side opposing the communists. At Yalta, Stalin reaffirmed the agreement reached with Churchill in October 1944 in Moscow to regard Greece as a purely British sphere of influence.

Great Britain and the USSR, again in accordance with the October agreements, reaffirmed parity in Yugoslavia, where the leader of the Yugoslav communists, Josip Broz Tito, negotiated with the pro-Western Yugoslav leader Subasic on control over the country. But the practical settlement of the situation in Yugoslavia did not develop the way Churchill wanted it to. The British were also worried about the issues of territorial settlement between Yugoslavia, Austria and Italy. It was decided that these issues would be discussed through normal diplomatic channels.

A similar decision was made on the claims of the American and British sides due to the fact that the USSR did not consult with them in solving the problems of the post-war structure of Romania and Bulgaria. The situation in Hungary, where the Soviet side also excluded the Western allies from the political settlement process, was not discussed in detail.

Without any enthusiasm, the conference participants began to discuss the Polish question. By this time, the entire territory of Poland was controlled by Soviet troops; in this country a pro-communist government was formed.

Roosevelt, supported by Churchill, proposed that the USSR return Lvov to Poland. However, this was a ruse, the Polish borders already discussed in Tehran did not occupy Western leaders. In fact, another issue was on the agenda - the post-war political structure of Poland. Stalin reiterated the previously agreed position: the western border of Poland should be moved, the eastern one should pass along the Curzon line. As for the Polish government, the Warsaw government will not have any contacts with the London government. Churchill said that, according to his information, the pro-Soviet government represents the views of no more than a third of Poles, the situation could lead to bloodshed, arrests and deportations. Stalin, in response, promised to include in the interim government some "democratic" leaders from Polish émigré circles.

Roosevelt proposed the creation of a presidential council in Poland, consisting of representatives of various forces, which would form the Polish government, but soon withdrew his proposal. Long discussions followed. As a result, it was decided to reorganize the provisional Polish government on a "broad democratic basis" and hold free elections as soon as possible. All three powers pledged to establish diplomatic relations with the reorganized government. The eastern border of Poland was determined along the Curzon line; territorial gains at the expense of Germany were vaguely mentioned. The final determination of Poland's western border was postponed until the next conference.

In fact, the decisions on the Polish question and on other European states in Yalta confirmed that Eastern Europe remains in the Soviet, and Western Europe and the Mediterranean - in the Anglo-American sphere of influence.

The American side presented at the conference a document called "Declaration on a Liberated Europe", which was adopted. The declaration proclaimed democratic principles. The heads of the allied governments, in particular, undertook to coordinate with each other their policies to resolve the political and economic problems of the liberated countries during the period of "temporary" instability. The allies had to create conditions for the establishment of democratic forms of government through free elections. However, this declaration was never implemented in practice.

At the Yalta Conference, an agreement was concluded on the entry of the USSR into the war against Japan two to three months after the end of the war in Europe. In the course of separate negotiations between Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill, agreements were reached on strengthening the positions of the USSR in the Far East. Stalin put forward the following conditions: preservation of the status of Mongolia, the return to Russia of South Sakhalin and the adjacent islands. On all these issues, on the western side, the concessions were initiated by Roosevelt. The main brunt of the military efforts against Japan fell on the United States, and they were interested in the soonest action of the USSR in the Far East.

The decisions of the Yalta Conference largely predetermined the post-war structure of Europe and the world for almost fifty years, right up to the collapse of the socialist system in the late 1980s and early 1990s.