Types of routes are the main indicators of routing. Routing. general concepts. Cargo routing planning

Questions:

1. What kind of goods are transported by routes?

2. What is called a route?

3. Positive aspects of routing?

4. Who establishes and what determines the norms of mass and length of block trains?

Literature:

1. Perepon V.P. "Organization of cargo transportation". Route 2003 (page 114)

Routing transportation from loading points is a highly efficient way to organize freight traffic.

Each loaded wagon or group of loaded wagons is not sent directly to the destination station, but is included in the train of this direction.

The process of waiting for the required number of cars for a full train is called accumulation . After the accumulation of wagons, special trains are organized. This organization is called train formation plan .

According to the conditions of formation of bulk cargoes: coal, ore, oil, building materials, etc. transported by route.

Route - this is a train composition of a specified weight or length, formed by the consignor or the road in accordance with the PTE and the formation plan from cars loaded by one or more senders at one or more stations, assigned to one unloading station or sprayed with the obligatory release of at least one technical station from the processing of car traffic.

Routing is one of the most effective ways of transporting goods and has the following positive aspects: Sending routes pass one or more marshalling yards without processing, so the delivery of goods is accelerated, the work on reforming trains is reduced, the cost of transportation is reduced, the turnover of wagons is accelerated, the need for wagons is reduced, better the safety of transported goods is ensured, the competitiveness of manufacturers of goods and railway transport is increased.

The norms for the mass and length of block trains for roads are established by the Ministry of Transport. It depends on local conditions (terrain, track profile, technical equipment of the site, length of receiving and departure tracks). It is forbidden to change the established norms of mass and length of routes for roads in the direction of increase, and in the direction of decrease it is possible, but not more than by one wagon. The established norms of weight and length of routes are announced to consignors.

The railway is obliged to supply wagons primarily for loading to those consignors who send goods by routes, for which preferential rates for transportation are provided.

The basis for the organization of shipping routes is the scheduling of loading at intermediate stations in different purposes on certain days. Scheduling allows you to organize routes from wagons loaded by several consignors, when the loading size of each of them is insignificant.

Value (w in the calculations can be taken:

■ for hump automated and mechanized sorting
stations 1.5-2.2 h;

■ for non-mechanized stations 2.1-2.8 hours; „|____________ ;:_,___ , t ________ „„..

■ for hillless stations 4.0-5.0 h.

In addition, when passing jets without processing, it must be taken into account that processing wagons at stations and pass them without processing costs are far from the same. For processing, sorting tracks, slides, hoods, locomotives, and a large staff of station workers are needed.

Therefore, in order to take into account the economic costs of the options, the concept of the equivalent of wagon processing has been introduced. Savings from the processing of wagons are expressed by the equivalent h in= 1.5-2.5, the savings in locomotive hours and crew hours are expressed as h = 0.4-1.5.

Thus, the final formula for calculating the reduced wagon-hours of savings per wagon is:

All calculations by definition T w conducted in the Ministry of Railways of Russia using electronic computers.

3.2. Organization of wagon flows from loading points

Route types, main routing indicators

On the The railway network is allocated several hundred main, decisive stations, at which 70 % loading, and about the same number of stations - 70 % unloading. At loading stations, powerful cargo flows are formed, which are among the ten most important cargoes: oil, timber, coal, ore, construction, chemical and mineral fertilizers, grain, etc. by the most effective way organization of wagon flows is transportation routing. It allows you to speed up the delivery of goods, reduce the need for a working fleet of wagons, free passing stations from expensive work on the processing of wagons, and thus reduce operating costs in the transportation process.

The routes are:

According to the conditions of the organization from the places of loading;
■ by appointment;

According to the terms of the application.

According to the conditions of the organization, routes from the places of loading are distinguished:

Routes are distinguished by purpose:

According to the terms of the appeal, the routes are:

A high percentage of sender routing coverage has such cargoes as ore (more than 90%), coal and oil (about 70%), chemical and mineral fertilizers (more than 50%). Grain cargoes are poorly routed (about 3 %).

If we analyze by driving distance, then more than 57% of the routes follow short distances(up to 400 km). And routes over distances of more than 1,500 km make up only 10%. The specified percentages cannot fully characterize the level of routing on the network, because one third of the routes go only to the route bases, i.e. into spraying, which is less efficient compared to pure sender routing to the unloading station.

The quality of the organization of routing is evaluated by such an indicator,

as the level of routing ^, where () m - the mass of goods sent in routes; 0, - total weight of shipped goods.

But it is much more expedient to take the ratio ^-p as the main indicator of the level of routing, where 1 M is the average distance of the trace

cargo transportation in shipping routes, km; I - the average range of cargo, km.

Routing transportation from loading points is a highly efficient way to organize freight traffic.

Under the sender's route means a set of a train of a specified weight or length, formed by the consignor on the railway siding of the organization or under an agreement with the railway at the railway station with the obligatory release of at least one technical station from the processing of such a train, provided for by the current plan for the formation of freight trains.

Departure routes pass one or more marshalling yards without processing, so the delivery of goods is accelerated, the work on reforming trains is reduced, the cost of transportation is reduced, the turnover of wagons is accelerated, the need for wagons is reduced, the safety of transported goods is better ensured, and the competitiveness of manufacturers of goods and railway transport increases.

Stepped routes are formed from wagons loaded by different consignors on the tracks of one or more stations of a section or junction. The rules for the carriage of goods by sending routes on railway transport provide that in order to speed up the delivery of goods, reduce transport and operating costs, the carriage of goods can be carried out by sending routes and are provided for in contracts for the organization of transportation of goods by railway transport. Sending routing is the basis for the future creation of a network of logistics centers for Russian railways.

The procedure for the carriage of goods by dispatch routes is established by the Rules for the carriage of goods by dispatch routes on railway transport.

By destination, sending routes are:

direct — when transported to one destination station (transshipment) to one or more consignees (freight wagons to each consignee must be in a separate group);
into spraying - when transported by appointment at stations of disbandment according to the plan for the formation of freight trains, or by appointment to the points (stations) of spraying routes announced by Russian Railways, where the addressing (indication of destination stations and the consignee) of cars is made at the unloading station to the address of specific consignees, or by appointment to the input and distribution stations that receive fuel cargoes, with further addressing of wagons to unloading stations.

The consignor agrees with the consignee the possibility of accepting routes of a specified weight or length for unloading. If there is a decrease in the mass of the train (breaking point) in the direction of the routes, the departure of routes is organized from the core and the trailer part, following as part of the route to the breakpoints of the mass.

The core is the main part of the departure route of the established mass, which follows without re-forming to the destination railway station in the event of a change in the mass of the train along the route.

According to the terms of the appeal, the sending routes are distinguished:

roundabouts with a constant composition, which after unloading in the same composition are returned to the same station or compartment for reloading;
ring trains with a variable composition, which, after unloading, return to the same station or department, while maintaining the number, type of cars and their purpose, but if necessary, some cars can be replaced by other similar cars.

The organization of ring routes significantly reduces the cost of preparing wagons for loading, while reducing the demurrage of wagons at loading points, since the wagons require minimal preparation for loading.

Routing is the process of determining the path of information in communication networks. Routing is used to receive a packet from one device and transmit it to another device through other networks. A router or gateway is a network node with several interfaces, each of which has its own MAC address and IP address.

Another important concept is the routing table. A routing table is a database stored on a router that describes the mapping between destination addresses and interfaces through which a data packet should be sent to the next hop. The routing table contains: destination host address, destination network mask, gateway address (indicating the address of the router on the network to which it is necessary to send a packet to the specified destination address), interface (physical port through which the packet is transmitted), metric (a numerical indicator that sets the priority route).

The placement of entries in the routing table can be done in three ways. different ways. The first method involves the use of a direct connection, in which the router itself determines the connected subnet. A direct route is a route that is local to a router. If one of the interfaces of the router is directly connected to a network, then upon receiving a packet addressed to such a subnet, the router immediately sends the packet to the interface to which it is connected. A direct connection is the most reliable routing method.

The second method involves entering routes manually. In this case, static routing takes place. A static route defines the IP address of the next neighbor router or local egress interface that is used to route traffic to a specific destination subnet. Static routes must be set at both ends of the communication channel between routers, otherwise the remote router will not know the route along which to send response packets and only one-way communication will be organized.

And the third way involves automatic placement of records using routing protocols. This method is called dynamic routing. Dynamic routing protocols can automatically track changes in network topology. The successful operation of dynamic routing depends on the router performing two main functions:

Keeping your routing tables up to date
Timely dissemination of information about networks and routes known to them among other routers

The parameters for calculating metrics can be:

Bandwidth
Latency (time to move a packet from source to destination)
Loading (channel load in units of time)
Reliability (relative number of errors in the channel)
Number of hops (hops between routers)

If the router knows more than one route to the recipient's network, then it compares the metrics of these routes and passes the route with the lowest metric (cost) to the routing table.

There are quite a few routing protocols - they are all divided according to the following features:

According to the algorithm used (distance vector protocols, communication channel status protocols)
By scope (for intra-domain routing, for inter-domain routing)

The channel state protocol is based on the Dijkstra algorithm, I already talked about it. I will briefly talk about the distance-vector algorithm.

So, in distance vector protocols, routers:

Determine the direction (vector) and distance to the desired network node
Periodically send routing tables to each other
In regular updates, routers learn about network topology changes

Without going into details, the link-state routing protocol is better for several reasons:

Accurate understanding of network topology. Link state routing protocols create a tree of shortest paths in a network. Thus, each router knows exactly where its “brother” is located. There is no such topology in distance vector protocols.
Fast convergence. Upon receiving an LSP link state packet, routers immediately flood the packet further. In distance vector protocols, a router must first update its routing table before flooding it to other interfaces.
Event-driven updates. LSPs are sent only when there is a change in the topology and only information related to that change.
Division into zones. Link state protocols use the concept of a zone - an area within which routing information is distributed. This separation helps reduce the load on the router's CPU and structure the network.

Link state protocol examples: OSPF, IS-IS.

Examples of distance vector protocols: RIP, IGRP.

Another global division of protocols by scope: for intra-domain IGP routing, for inter-domain EGP routing. Let's go through the definitions.

IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) is an internal gateway protocol. These include any routing protocols used within an autonomous system (RIP, OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP, IS-IS). Each IGP protocol represents one routing domain within an autonomous system.

EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) is an internal gateway protocol. Provides routing between different autonomous systems. EGP protocols provide connection of separate autonomous systems and transit of transmitted data between these autonomous systems. Protocol example: BGP.

Let us also explain the concept of an autonomous system.

An autonomous system (AS) is a set of networks that are under a single administrative control and that use a single strategy and routing rules.

An autonomous system for external networks acts as a single object.

A routing domain is a collection of networks and routers that use the same routing protocol.

Finally, a picture explaining the structure of dynamic routing protocols.

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Routing is the subject of an agreement on the organization of transportation of goods by rail, therefore only the parties to the agreement have the right to determine its content. It may provide for departure routes formed on a railway access track or at a railway station, groups of cars for organizing stepped station or section routes, etc. The origin route is train composition of a specified weight or length, formed by the consignor on the railway access track of the organization or under an agreement with the railway at the railway station with the obligatory release of at least one technical station from the processing of such a train, provided for by the current plan for the formation of freight trains. Departure routes pass one or more marshalling yards without processing, so the delivery of goods is accelerated, the work on reforming trains is reduced, the cost of transportation is reduced, the turnover of wagons is accelerated, the need for wagons is reduced, the safety of transported goods is better ensured, and the competitiveness of manufacturers of goods and railway transport increases. Stepped routes are formed from wagons loaded by different consignors on the tracks of one or more stations of a section or junction. The rules for the carriage of goods by sending routes on railway transport provide that in order to speed up the delivery of goods, reduce transport and operating costs, the carriage of goods can be carried out by sending routes and are provided for in contracts for the organization of transportation of goods by railway transport. Sending routing is the basis for the future creation of a network of logistics centers for Russian railways.

Types of routing from loading points

Routing transportation from loading points is a highly efficient way to organize freight traffic. The order of transportation of goods by sending routes established by the Rules for the carriage of goods by sending routes on railway transport. By destination, sending routes are: – straight- when transporting to one destination station (transshipment) to the address of one or several consignees (freight wagons to the address of each consignee must be in a separate group); - in spraying- when transported by destination at the stations of disbandment according to the plan for the formation of freight trains or by appointment to the points (stations) of spraying routes declared by the Ministry of Railways of Russia, where the addressing (indication of destination stations and the consignee) of the cars is carried out at the unloading station to the address of specific consignees, or by appointment to the input and distribution stations receiving fuel cargoes, with further addressing of wagons to unloading stations. The consignor agrees with the consignee the possibility of accepting routes of a specified weight or length for unloading. If there is a decrease in the mass of the train (breaking point) in the direction of the routes, the departure of routes is organized from the core and the trailer part, following as part of the route to the breakpoints of the mass. Core- this is the main part of the departure route of the established mass, which follows without reformation to the destination railway station in case of a change in the mass of the train along the route. According to the terms of the appeal, the sending routes are distinguished: – ring with constant composition which after unloading in the same composition are returned to the same station or compartment for reloading; - ring with variable composition, which, after unloading, return to the same station or department, while maintaining the number, type of wagons and their purpose, but if necessary, some wagons can be replaced by other similar wagons.

Organization of ring routes significantly reduces the cost of preparing wagons for loading, while reducing the demurrage of wagons at loading points, since the wagons require minimal preparation for loading.

Cargo routing planning

Transportation routing, a system for organizing the shipment of goods by routes (the whole composition of the train) from one or more railway stations to destinations in unloading points located in the same area. It is carried out according to the routing plans drawn up by the railways. Routes are divided into: departure organized from wagons loaded by one consignor at one station (pier or port); stepped- from wagons loaded by different consignors at one or more stations of one or two sections; formed on specialized route bases, which are created at the exits from the areas of mass loading . According to the distance, the departure and stepped routes are divided into: local(on-road) - when traveling within the same railway, and network- when traveling within two or more railways. Routes provided with a permanently fixed composition of wagons for circulation between certain points of departure and destination, are called ring. When planning and routing cargo flows, it is important to take into account the performance of vehicles depending on the transportation line. In other words, the allocated vehicles must ensure the flow of goods along the developed routes of movement. In transport logistics, task models of this type are formed depending on the degree of detail of taking into account the requirements for the functioning of various modes of transport.

38. Main indicators of the implementation of the traffic routing plan

To analyze and evaluate the performance of tasks for the routing of transportation, the main indicators have been established: 1) the number of wagons sent during the reporting period in routes in general and by type of cargo on average per day; 2) routing level (percentage of routing) by type of cargo - determined by the ratio of the number of wagons loaded and sent in routes U mrsh, to the total number of loaded wagons U total, in percent: 3) the average range of all routes and wagons in their compositions and by type of cargo: , where is the sum of route-kilometers; - total number of routes; 4) distribution of wagons sent on routes by range zones and their percentage in the total number of loaded wagons (range zones: up to 400 km, from 401 to 1000 km, from 1001 to 1500 km and over 1500 km); 5) the number of wagons sent on direct routes in general and by type of cargo and their percentage in the total number of loaded wagons; 6) average composition of routes (in wagons) - is determined by dividing the number of routed wagons by the number of sent routes; 7) fulfillment of the task for the transportation of goods by routes - the ratio of the number of wagons sent in the routes and provided for by the task (in percent).