How to set read-only for a file. How do I unregister a file? What information is contained in the file properties dialog

If you opened a USB flash drive, and all the data on it disappeared, do not rush to panic! Most likely, the attributes of files and folders that were stored there were accidentally changed. We will tell you how to return the correct attributes in the article below!

As much as I work with computers, I am convinced that they like to give users a lot of inconvenience. Moreover, often all the "tricks" stem from our ignorance of any fundamentals or features of the system and its components ...

Now is the time for a one-off exercise in which all of this can be applied. My version looks like this. If you save your changes and open a browser page, the result looks like this. As you can see, all paragraphs have the same style that the browser uses by default.

We see nothing new in this code. Minor change of font size and text size, as well as color changes. The style will affect all paragraphs without exception. Now we decided that the third paragraph should be of a different style because it has more specific content.

It happened this time too. I did not have time to start a new job, but already faced another computer "problem" :)

Files on the flash drive disappeared

They bring me a USB flash drive with which I need to reset the document. The flash drive opens, but there is nothing on it! Fortunately, I have already encountered a similar situation and even demonstrated a similar effect to students when I led a circle at school. But on unprepared colleagues, this event made not the most pleasant impression ...

This code thickens the font and increases its size to 24 pixels and then changes the green color. The result seems to be quite satisfactory and we managed to achieve the desired effect. What if we later decide that the fifth paragraph should look exactly like the third? Well, if we decide that the second paragraph should look like the third?

Congratulations, this is the end of this tutorial! You get a delicious bun for a reward

In this case, it will be better to use the class attribute. In what situations do you use it and what are the problems that you encounter most often? FILE STRUCTURE. According to the OS, the file consists of data combined under one name, this data is divided into fields, which can be fixed or variable. Files are managed from the file system. Files are only found in external memory.

I asked not to panic. Calling the properties of the flash drive and making sure that it is not empty (a certain percentage of the space on it was occupied by data), I opened it using file manager and saw in place all the files that were displayed as translucent - that is, hidden:

The whole "trouble" is that every file in Windows, in addition to the usual characteristics, such as name, extension or size, has a number of not entirely obvious properties. One of them is attributes. The attributes themselves are few, but they affect how the system works with files.

The file system is an abstract mechanism that allows the user to store and retrieve data from external memory without being interested in the physical record of the information and how it works. Device. Only the exact name of the files should be monitored. The file is referenced through names.

File descriptor block management. Created at the same time the file was created. Updated with every file. Contains information you need file system to perform service functions. The content is different for different OS. Working with the file scheme.

In our case, for example, the attributes "system" and "hidden" lead to the visual "disappearance" of the file from Explorer, if the "Show hidden files, folders" option is not active in the "Folder Properties" (Control Panel or the "View" menu of any folder) and disks "and the checkbox" Hide protected system files", as is usually the default:

How can I change the context menu for files of a certain type?

When a file is created, the information system allocates space to external memory, creates a descriptor, and writes the file to a directory. The file descriptor, that is, the file descriptor, is read. the file is active and open for the process; the user's request goes to the physical address of external memory. The input / output channel of the program that implements the data transfer is started. For this, a buffer mechanism is used. Upon completion of the operation, messages are issued to the waiting processes, the file is closed.

We figured out the reason, but how to return the files to normal attributes so that they can be seen in Explorer? The problem is that the "hidden" attribute is displayed in the File Properties, but it cannot be cleared because the checkbox is inactive.

If you have Total commander or another similar file manager, you can invoke the attribute editor from the "File" menu. However, in my opinion, for these purposes it is more convenient to use Command line! Press the key combination "WIN + R" on the keyboard, in the "Run" line, enter "cmd" without quotes and press Enter. In the opened Console window, enter the "attrib" command of the form:

Buffering: An overflow method for I / O and CPU computation. Areas of buffers in software that are used for data input and output. In doing so, they synchronize the faster processor and slow down I / O devices, optimizing the process. They eliminate the difference between lengths.

These disadvantages are especially limited by disk size and security. Disks of most file systems are divided into logical drives called clusters. The cluster size is therefore proportional to the size of the disk. Large clusters cause a lot of internal fragmentation and a lot of wasted disk space. For example, a 250-byte file on a disk with 16 KB clusters occupies the entire cluster, and more than 15 thousand. Not used.

attrib -r -a -s -h(removing all basic attributes) H: \ *. *(path to folder and mask of filenames that selects the entire contents of the specified directory) / s / d(additional command keys to reset file attributes in folders and subfolders)

After executing the command, all files and folders on the USB flash drive should appear in their normal form, which is what we needed :) For those who care about not only the result, but also understanding where and what comes from, I propose to deal with the attributes in more detail.

Any ACLs and system ACLs control who takes action on a file and ensures that it is registered. When a system crashes, the system structures become inconsistent, which can lead to data loss.

Both allow you to set the required cluster size. If you don't set this size, it will set to default. The smaller the clusters, the better use disk space, but more space for organizing clusters, because there are so many more.

Common file attributes

In total, Windows has historically had 4 main attributes that any files and partially folders can have:

Read-only - R... Usually used to disable edits. text files... One of the unconventional ways of using it is write protection of a flash drive (a read-only folder is created at the root), but viruses can bypass such protection.
"Archival" (archived) - A... It is mainly needed only for backup programs to recognize which files are already included in the backup, and which ones have changed and must be replaced.
"System" - S... This attribute usually marks system files that the user does not want to touch. Based on this, such files are not displayed in Explorer, unless the "Hide protected system files" option is disabled in the "View" tab in the "Folder options" section.
Hidden - H... Allows you to hide any files and folders without the need to mark them as system. Similar to the previous attribute, it prevents displaying in Explorer if the "Show hidden files, folders and drives" setting is not enabled.

Besides, in latest versions Windows has added a number of other attributes that usually do not need to be changed, but which are worth knowing about:

Viewing and Editing Attributes

User data is associated with so-called metadata, in which information about the organization of the data is located on disk. These files are usually not visible from any file manager, but you can view them when you know how. You can view them by typing them on the command line.

Additional folder attributes

When bit 0, the cluster is empty, otherwise it is used. The record size is usually 1KB, but may be larger. The entry contains a small title containing basic information about this entry. The header is followed by one or more attributes that describe the data or file or directory type of the associated entry.

"compressed" (C);
"encrypted" (E);
"indexed" (I);
"temporary" (T);
integrity attribute (V);
"without purification" (X).

Some of these attributes can be seen in the File Properties, and some are accessible only by the file system itself and are not displayed anywhere:

Attributes are divided into two parts: title and date. The header contains the type, name, and attribute attributes that define the location of the attribute data. The file name, standard information, and security attributes are always resident. This attribute specifies the location of the data block for the catalog.

Each change to a file, directory, or metadata is written to a file that records all changes on disk. There are two kinds of entries in this file: redo and undo. Repeated records store information about changes that must be repeated if the system fails and the changed data is not on disk. For example, redo operations indicate that file deletion should be completed if a failure occurs, but only some of the data structures are updated.

Also, the file's timestamp is sometimes referred to as attributes, which includes three dates: creation, modification and first opening. The system usually displays only the modified date, but the rest of the timestamps can be seen in the same Properties:

Obviously, change the creation date of the file without third-party programs it is impossible, but to correct the date of the change, it is enough to make any edits to the file. The date will change automatically.

Primitive methods against curious users

The size of the log file depends on the size of the disk. The quota determines the amount of user data for each volume.

Changing the name and file attributes

You can view it again when you choose "Tools" - "Folder Options" - view and allow hidden files to show in explorer. To use, you must add the correct stub to the file again.

Store the file in system directories

Whoever does not know exactly what he is looking for, such a set has no way to reveal. These were the basic methods for smart children.

Moderately safe - against curious police officers

Download it to your desktop and try opening it like a regular picture. Navigate to the desired folder and then use it.

Viewing and Editing Attributes

About what file attributes are for, how they can be viewed and edited regular means we have already figured out the systems. Here I would like to consider ways of interacting with them through third-party programs.

As mentioned above, it is quite convenient to work with attributes in visual mode using file managers.

But do not forget about the complete backup... The degree of this security is very high. The cipher is almost invisible. Nobody gets to your bytes. Also, keep in mind that encryption means slowing down the performance of your system. Sometimes it happens that you have something that really matters. Providing something like this isn't easy. The previous methods, besides encryption, go through and what encryption means, you may be forced to say the password.

How to delete files

Whether government agents or social packaging. There is no easy tutorial. You may not know the situation you might get, but one thing is certain. If you have something dangerous, don't rush to safety. You know for sure that deleting a file using File Explorer will not delete the file. It will only be removed from the file index. You have to overwrite it with some data so that you cannot recover it. it simple program that can do just that.

For example, in the popular Total Commander, to enable the display of hidden files and folders, go to the "View" - "Advanced settings" menu and at the bottom activate the "Show hidden / system files: on / off" option. Now that everything is visible, select the files from which you want to remove the attributes, go to the "Files" menu and click the "Change Attributes" item:

Data rewriting takes some time, but forensic analysis should not reveal what data was there before. After studying it, you can. Understand the types of operations that should contain operating system when working with files.

Describe the main ways to save files to disk.
Know the various organizations of the directory structure.

Duration of training: 2 hours.

Studying this chapter is an easy and descriptive way to learn how to save files to disk and organize directories. Take 2 hours to study this part. In the file system, we mean data objects that are stored in the external memory of a computer. In this chapter, we will only consider the fundamental principles.

A rather nice window will open, where in visual mode you can not only apply all the parameters of the standard ATTRIB commands, but also change the time stamp of the file modification (unfortunately, you cannot change the creation label without special plugins).

Another popular file manager Free Commander has a similar window. Here, to enable the display of hidden files, you also need to go to the "View" menu, and from there to the "Show" submenu, where you must mark all the items. Editing the same attributes in this file manager is also in the "File" menu and is called "Attributes / timestamp":

The operating system implements the abstract concepts of files by manipulating mass storage devices. Files store data and programs. ... Your browser does not support the video tag. The file system has two parts. Filesets containing user saved information, directory structures containing information about a file. A file is a sequence of bits, bytes, lines, or records, the meaning of which is determined by the founder and user of the file. The advantage is the ability to check the correct use of the file by the user, other additional functions. Typically, disks have a specific block size determined by the sector size of the disk. As a rule, some of the physical blocks are lost due to the file length or the difference between the length of the physical and logical blocks. A device directory resides on every physical device and describes all the files stored on that device.

The file is usually named and has some attributes.
The logical blocks of the file are then packed into physical disk blocks.
Contains the physical attributes of the files.
File directory structure - the logical organization of files across all devices.
Contains the attributes of a logical file.
The directory system maps file names to directory entries.
Find the file space and write down the new item in the directory structure.
Find the directory structure and get the file attributes.

The file management system looks for the path to a file based on its name.

The tool for editing attributes built into Free Commander even surpasses its counterpart in Total Commander in terms of functionality. First, it supports additional compression attributes. Secondly, it allows you to select files to edit by mask. And thirdly, it allows you to change all timestamps!

Implementing it usually means looking for a file control block. The data structure used to map from a set of filenames to a set of file block controllers is usually a table called a directory or directory. The catalog can be created as an unsorted or sorted table. The directories can then be saved as a file and organized into structures. One directory entry can specify the location of another directory. A simple form of this structure is hierarchical directories.

In practice, the most important are single-level, double-level, and tree-based directories. In addition, directories with an acyclic structure are often used. A single-level directory typically implements "scatter" by creating tables that contain information about the files on those volumes on separate volumes.

Well, for a snack, if you don't want to download a full-fledged file manager just for the sake of adjusting the attributes of some files, you can easily get by with highly specialized utilities. A good example is BulkFileChanger from renowned NirSoft developers:

Download the program from the link for 32-bit or 64-bit systems and the Russian.zip file. We extract the crack from the latter, throw it into the main archive of the program and we can run it. A window should appear in Russian, similar to the one in the screenshot above.

We just need to add files for processing to the list, select them and click the "Change time / attributes" button on the top panel. If you do everything correctly, the following window will open in front of you:

Here, as you can see, you can change absolutely any timestamps and all the main attributes of the files. Mark the boxes that need to be changed and click "Run".

The only drawback of BulkFileChanger is that the program cannot work with the attributes of folders and subfolders. However, for editing time stamps, it is perfect!

In addition, the utility has one more function - "Run command for selected files". This allows, for example, to generate a batch command for multiple files without having to manually enter all of their addresses!

conclusions

Today's article turned out to be not very extensive, but, I hope, it will be useful to someone, and to someone, perhaps, it will allow you to save extra nerve cells :)

Remember that 90% of the causes of all glitches and computer problems are yourself! Therefore, before you panic and carry your PC for repair, try to analyze all your actions and look for solutions to the problem on the Internet. In most cases it helps;)

P.S. It is allowed to freely copy and quote this article, provided that an open active link to the source is indicated and the authorship of Ruslan Tertyshny is preserved.

Each file or folder in Microsoft Windows XP can have its own set of attributes that indicate some of the possible uses for a given file object. In the FAT file system, there are three main attributes of files and folders:

Read Only - the mode of protecting files from accidental changes, editing or destruction of the information stored in it. If a file or folder is in read-only mode, it will not be possible to write to it;

Archive is an attribute of a file or folder that indicates that this file object is subject to compression and its contents can be compressed using special programs... It should be borne in mind that when this parameter is changed for a group of objects, the attribute may be unavailable if part of the files from the selected array is to be archived, and the other part is not;

Hidden is a parameter indicating that this file object is hidden and will not be displayed under normal conditions in the Windows XP operating system. Hidden files and folders cannot be used, modified, or opened unless their name is known. This attribute is commonly used to protect file objects from accidental deletion.

The attributes assigned to each of the file objects are indicated in Windows XP using a special character set: R - for the "Read-only" attribute, H - for the "Hidden" attribute, A - for the "Archive" attribute. The list of attributes assigned to a file or folder can be seen in the File manager's Attributes field in Explorer: for example, if the RHA designation is displayed for a file object in this field, this means that the file is hidden, archived and read-only; if this designation is formulated as RA, therefore, the file is opened for reading only and is archived.

You can change the attributes of a file or folder as follows: click on the file object icon right click mouse and in the appeared context menu select Properties. In the lower part of the file or folder properties window that opens, you will see a list of the attributes assigned to this file object. The assignment or removal of attributes of files or folders is carried out by setting or unsetting the corresponding checkboxes (Fig. 8.1).

In the file NTFS system in addition to the attributes of file objects described above, two additional ones are distinguished:

Compressed - The file or folder is compressed by software NTFS;

Encrypted - The file or folder is encrypted using the internal NTFS encryption algorithms.

Rice. 8.1.

Access to the management of these attributes of file objects is carried out by clicking the Advanced button in the General tab of the file or folder properties window.