3D modeling software can help you turn some ideas into beautiful models and prototypes that can then be used for a wide variety of purposes. These tools allow you to create models from scratch, regardless of skill level. Some 3D editors are simple enough that even a beginner will master them in a short time. Today 3D models are used in a wide variety of areas: cinema, computer games, interior design, architecture and much more.

Choosing the optimal software for modeling it is often difficult, since it is not easy to find a program that would have all the necessary functionality. FreelanceToday brings to your attention 20 free software for 3D modeling.

Daz Studio is a powerful yet completely free 3D modeling software. This is not to say that this is an easy-to-learn tool - beginners will have to study the program's capabilities for a long time. The creators of the program took care of the user experience, but the convenience of Daz Studio will not be immediately appreciated. One of the features of the program is the creation of GPU-accelerated 3D images during rendering, which makes it possible to create very realistic models. Daz Studio also has support for creating scenes and functionality for animating models.

Availablefor: Windows | OS X

Free software for 3D modeling Open SCAD is created for serious design (industrial design, interiors, architecture). The artistic aspects of the creators of the program were of much less interest. Unlike other programs of a similar type, Open SCAD is not an interactive tool - it is a 3D compiler that displays project details in 3D.

Available for: Windows | OS X | Linux

AutoDesk 123D is a wide range of different CAD and 3D modeling tools. With the help of the program, you can design, create and visualize almost any 3D model. AutoDesk also supports 3D printing technology. The main site for AutoDesk 123D has several satellites where you can find many interesting free 3D models that you can experiment with or just use for your own purposes.

Available for: Windows | OS X | IOS |

Meshmixer 3.0 lets you design and render 3D structures by combining two or more models in just a few simple steps... The program has a convenient "cut and paste" function for this, that is, you can cut out the necessary parts from the model and paste them into another model. The program even supports sculpting - the user can create a virtual sculpture, shaping and refining the surface in the same way as if he sculpted a model from clay. And all this in real time! The program supports 3D printing, the finished models are fully optimized for sending to the printer.

Availablefor: Windows | OS X

3DReshaper is an affordable and easy-to-use 3D modeling software. The program can be used in various fields such as art, mining, civil engineering or shipbuilding. 3DReshaper comes with support for a variety of scenarios and textures and has many useful tools and features to make 3D modeling easier.

Availablefor: Windows

The free 3D Crafter software is designed for real-time 3D modeling and animation creation. The main feature of this editor is the intuitive drag-and-drop approach. Complex models can be built using simple shapes, the program supports sculptural modeling and 3D printing. It is one of the most user-friendly animation tools out there.

Availablefor: Windows

PTC Creo is a comprehensive system designed specifically for mechanical engineers, designers and process engineers. The program will also be useful for designers who create products using computer-aided design techniques. Direct modeling allows you to create structures from existing drawings or use the program to visualize new ideas. Changes to the geometry of an object can be made very quickly, which significantly speeds up the work process. The program, unlike the previous ones, is paid, but there is a 30-day trial and a free version for teachers and students.

Availablefor: Windows

Free software LeoCAD is a computer-aided design system for virtual LEGO models. There are versions for Windows, Mac OS and Linux. The program can be a good alternative to Lego Digital Designer (LDD), as it has a simple interface, supports keyframes and works in animation mode. It is the animation support that sets LeoCAD apart from other programs of a similar type.

Availablefor: Windows | OS X | Linux

VUE Pioneer software will help you create a 3D model for landscape visualization. The software can be useful for advanced users looking for convenient rendering tools. Pioneer allows you to create amazing 3D landscapes with a large number of presets and provides direct access to Cornucopia 3D content. Using the program, you can create many lighting effects.

Availablefor: Windows | OS X

Netfabb is not only a program for viewing interactive 3D scenes, it can be used to analyze, edit and modify 3D models. The program supports 3D printing and is the lightest and easiest tool to install and use.

Availablefor: Windows | OS X | Linux

The free NaroCad software is a complete and extensible computer-aided design system based on OpenCascade technology that runs on Windows and Linux platforms. The program has all the necessary functionality, there is support for basic and advanced 3D modeling operations. The functions of the program can be extended using plugins and software interface.

Availablefor: Windows | Linux

LEGO Digital Designer lets you build 3D models using virtual LEGO bricks (blocks). The result can be exported in various formats and continue to work in other 3D-editors.

Availablefor: Windows | OS X

The free ZCAD program can be used to create 2D and 3D drawings. The editor supports multiple platforms and provides great viewing angles. The presence of many convenient tools allows you to solve most of the problems associated with modeling three-dimensional objects. The user interface of the program is simple and straightforward, which greatly facilitates the drawing process. The finished project can be saved in AutoCAD format and other popular 3D formats.

Availablefor: Windows | Linux

The free version of Houdini FX, Houdini Apprentice, is useful for students, artists and hobbyists creating non-commercial 3D model projects. The program has a somewhat truncated, but at the same time quite broad functionality and carefully thought out user interface... To the disadvantages free version can be attributed to a watermark that is displayed on a 3D render.

Availablefor: Windows | OS X | Linux

The application for creating working design sheets allows you to create fairly detailed 3D models. The creators of the program took care of the functions that allow you to eliminate problem areas by making changes and additions to the existing design. Also, with DesignSpark, you can quickly change the concept of a 3D product. The program supports direct modeling techniques and 3D printing of models.

Availablefor: Windows

FreeCAD is a parametric 3D modeler designed to create real-world objects of any size. The user can easily change the design using the model history and changing individual parameters. The program is multiplatform, it can read and write various file formats. FreeCAD allows you to create your own modules and then use them in further work.

Availablefor: Windows | OS X | Linux

The free Sculptris software will open a window to the users in an immersive 3D world. Sculptris features easy navigation and ease of use. Even a beginner who has no experience in digital art or 3D modeling can easily master the program. The work process is structured in such a way that you can forget about geometry and just create a model, while carefully using computer resources.

Available for: Windows | Linux

MeshMagic can be used to 3D render files as well as create 2D objects or convert them to 3D. The software has an intuitive interface and can be used for a wide variety of tasks. Mesh Magic currently only supports Windows. The result is saved in the popular STL format, which can be opened and edited in most online and offline 3D modeling tools.

Availablefor: Windows

Open Cascade is a software development kit for creating 3D CAD related applications. It includes custom, community-developed C ++ class libraries that can be used for modeling, visualization, and data exchange, and for rapid application development.

Availablefor: Windows | OS X | Linux

As mentioned above, according to the methods of describing images, computer graphics can be divided into three main categories: raster, vector and three-dimensional graphics. Among 2D graphics, pixel and fractal graphics stand out in a special way. Three-dimensional, CGI and infographics also require separate consideration.

Pixel graphics

The term "pixel graphics" (from the English. pixel ) means a form of a digital image created on a computer using a raster graphics editor, where the image is edited at the pixel (dots) level, and the image resolution is so small that individual pixels are clearly visible.

It is a common misconception that any drawing made using bitmap editors, - pixel graphics. This is not true, pixel image differs from the usual bitmap technology - manual editing of the picture pixel by pixel. Therefore, the pixel art is small in size, limited by the color palette and (as a rule) lack of anti-aliasing.

Pixel graphics use only the simplest tools of bitmap graphics editors, such as Pencil, Straight (line) or Fill (fill with color). Pixel graphics are reminiscent of mosaics and cross stitching or beading - as the pattern is made up of small colored elements, similar to the pixels of modern monitors.

Fractal graphics

A fractal is an object formed from irregular separate parts that are similar to a whole object. Since a more detailed description of elements of a smaller scale is carried out according to a simple algorithm, such an object can be described with just a few mathematical equations.

Rice. 8.5.

Fractal graphics are indispensable for creating artificial mountains, clouds, sea waves. Thanks to fractals, complex objects are easily depicted, the images of which are similar to natural ones. Fractals allow you to describe entire classes of images, for a detailed description of which relatively little memory is required (Figure 8.5). On the other hand, fractals are poorly applicable to images outside of these classes.

3D graphics

3D graphics(3D - from English. 3 Dimensions - three dimensions) - three dimensions of the image) - a section of computer graphics, a set of techniques and tools (both software and hardware) intended for the image of volumetric objects (Fig. 8.6).

Rice. 8.6.

3D image on a plane differs from a two-dimensional one in that it includes the construction of a geometric projection of a three-dimensional model of a scene onto a plane (for example, a computer screen) using specialized programs (however, with the creation and implementation of 3D -displays and 3D -printers, 3D graphics do not necessarily include projection onto a plane). In this case, the model can either correspond to objects from the real world (cars, buildings, hurricane, asteroid), or be completely abstract (projection of a four-dimensional fractal).

3D modeling Is the process of creating a three-dimensional model of an object. Task 3D - modeling - to develop a volumetric image of the desired object. With the help of three-dimensional graphics, you can also create exact copy specific subject, and develop a new, even unrealistic representation of an object that never existed.

3D graphics operate on objects in 3D space. Usually the results are a flat image, a projection. Three-dimensional computer graphics are widely used on television, in cinematography, in computer games and in the design of printed products.

Three-dimensional graphics are actively used to create images on the plane of a screen or a printed sheet in science and industry (for example, in design automation systems (CAD)); for the creation of solid elements: buildings, machine parts, mechanisms), architectural visualization (this includes the so-called "virtual archeology"), in modern medical imaging systems.

3D graphics typically deal with a virtual, imaginary three-dimensional space that is displayed on a flat, two-dimensional surface of a display or sheet of paper. Any image on the monitor, due to the plane of the latter, becomes a raster, since the monitor is a matrix, it consists of columns and rows. Three-dimensional graphics exist only in our imagination - what we see on the monitor is a projection of a three-dimensional figure, and we ourselves are already creating the space. Thus, visualization of graphics can only be raster and vector, and the rendering method is only a raster (a set of pixels), the way of defining the image depends on the number of these pixels.

Currently, there are several methods for displaying three-dimensional information in a volumetric form, although most of them represent volumetric characteristics very conditionally, since they work with a stereo image. Stereo glasses, virtual helmets, 3D -displays capable of displaying a three-dimensional image.

-graphics

The term "CGI graphics" (eng. computergenerated imagery refers to computer generated images) refers to still and moving images generated using 3D computer graphics and used in visual arts, print, cinematic special effects, television and simulation. PC games usually use real-time computer graphics, but CGI-based in-game videos are added periodically.

Moving images are created by computer animation, which is a narrower area of ​​CGI graphics, also applicable in cinematography, where it allows you to create effects that cannot be obtained using traditional makeup and animatronics. Computer animation can replace the work of stuntmen and extras, as well as scenery.

Infographics

The term "infographics" (from lat. informatio - informing, clarification, presentation; and other Greek. graphike - written, from grapho - writing) denote a graphical way of presenting information, data and knowledge.

The range of applications for infographics is huge - geography, journalism, education, statistics, technical texts. It helps not only to organize large amounts of information, but also to more clearly show the relationship of objects and facts in time and space, as well as to demonstrate trends.

Infographics can be called any combination of text and graphics, created with the intention of presenting a particular story, to convey this or that fact. Infographics work where you need to show the structure and algorithm of something, the ratio of objects and facts in time and space, demonstrate a trend, show what it looks like, organize large amounts of information.

Infographics are visual representations of information. Used where complex information needs to be presented quickly and clearly.

• Animatronics - a technique used in cinematography, animation, computer modeling to create special effects of moving artificial parts of the human body, animal or other objects.

This type of computer graphics has absorbed a lot from vector, as well as from raster computer graphics. It is used in the development of interior design projects, architectural objects, in advertising, in the creation of training computer programs, video clips, visual images of parts and products in mechanical engineering, etc.

3D computer graphics allows you to create volumetric three-dimensional scenes with modeling lighting conditions and setting points of view.

For the study of techniques and means of composition, such as the transfer of space, environment, light and shade, the laws of linear, air and color perspective, the advantages of this type of computer graphics over vector and raster graphics are obvious. In three-dimensional graphics, images (or characters) are modeled and moved in a virtual space, in a natural environment or in an interior, and their animation allows you to see an object from any point of view, move it in an artificially created environment and space, of course, accompanied by special effects.

Three-dimensional computer graphics, like vector graphics, are object-oriented, which allows you to change both all elements of a three-dimensional scene, and each object separately. This type of computer graphics has great capabilities to support technical drawing. With the help of graphic editors of three-dimensional computer graphics, for example Autodesk 3D Studio, you can perform visual images of parts and products of mechanical engineering, as well as perform prototyping of buildings and architectural objects studied in the corresponding section of architectural and construction drawing. Along with this, graphical support can be provided for such sections of descriptive geometry as perspective, axonometric and orthogonal projections, since the principles of constructing images in three-dimensional computer graphics are partially borrowed from them.

For arts and crafts, three-dimensional computer graphics makes it possible to model future products with the transfer of the texture and texture of the materials from which these products will be made. The ability to see from any point of view the model of the product before its embodiment in the material allows you to make changes and corrections to its shape or proportions, which may no longer be possible after the start of work (for example, jewelry, decorative metal casting, etc.). In the same direction, 3D computer graphics can be used to support sculpture, design, artistic graphics, etc. Volumetric 3D animation and special effects are also created using 3D graphics. Creation of instructional videos for educational programs can be the main application of these 3D computer graphics capabilities.

The tools for working with three-dimensional graphics include such graphics editor how 3D Studio MAX... It is one of the most famous 3D editors and is often used in film production. Program development 3D Studio MAX was launched in 1993. Version 3D Studio МАХ 1.0 was released in 1995 on the platform Windows NT.

Even then, some experts cautiously expressed the opinion that MAX can compete with other 3D graphics packages. Autumn 2003 discreet releases ЗD MAX 6... New particle animation tools in conjunction with modules allow you to create photorealistic atmospheric effects. There is now built-in support for drip-mesh objects, full-fledged network visualization, data import from CAD-applications, new possibilities for modeling. But apart from 3D Studio MAX there are other equally popular 3D modeling programs, for example Maya. Maya is an analogue program 3D Studio MAX, but it is intended primarily for animation and for the transfer of facial expressions on the face of a three-dimensional actor. Besides, in Maya more convenient to draw. 3D Studio MAX is aimed primarily at high-quality visualization of objects, it is also possible to perform primitive drawings in it.

In general, there are three-dimensional modeling programs for drawing, the most famous of them AutoCAD, ArhiCAD. AutoCAD intended primarily for mechanical engineering drawing, and ArhiCAD for architectural modeling.

What does 3D graphics require from a person?

Of course, the ability to model different shapes and designs using different software tools as well as knowledge of orthogonal (rectangular) and central projection. The latter is called perspective... Highly good quality modeling is achieved through careful selection of textures and materials, combined with the correct placement of lights and cameras in the scene. The basis for the construction of any spatial form is the plane and the face of the object. A plane in 3D graphics is defined by three points connected by straight line segments.

It is this condition that makes it possible to describe using the resulting planes "Spatial grid" which represents the model of the object. Then the object is additionally assigned the characteristics of the object's surface - material. In turn, the material characterizes the quality of the surface, for example, polished, rough, shiny, etc. It also describes its texture (stone, fabric, glass, etc.). Optical properties are also set, for example, transparency, reflection or refraction of light rays, etc.
Along with this, a three-dimensional object can be set to lighting conditions and a point of view (camera) can be selected to obtain the most interesting visual image. A staging consisting of a three-dimensional object, lighting conditions and a chosen point of view is called "Three-dimensional scene"... But to describe the three-dimensional space and the object inside it, the well-known coordinate method is used.

There are various methods for modeling 3D objects. For example, the method text description models using special programming languages "Script".

Many different applications are used to create computer graphics. They can be conditionally divided into the following groups:

• Digital sculpting software (Pixologic ZBrush, Autodesk Mudbox).
• Game engines (Unreal Engine 4, Unity 5, CryEngine 3).
• Highly specialized applications, "sharpened" for specific tasks (fluid animation - RealFlow, texture creation - Mari, etc.).
• Universal 3D editors (Cinema 4D, 3Ds Max, Maya, Houidini, etc.).

We will analyze the first three groups in the following articles. And today we offer an overview of the universal 3D editors (Full 3D Suites).

Universal 3D editors, usually contain everything you need for CG: modeling, animation and rendering tools.

To the questions: “Which of the packages is the best? What to choose?" there are no right answers. The choice of a tool depends on many factors: personal preferences of the CG artist, goals set, financial capabilities, etc.

• functionality of the program;
• ease of use (intuitive interface, etc.);
• availability, price.

Most specialists use several programs at once in their work: some things are easier and faster to do in third-party applications (detailing, post-processing, simulation, etc.). So don't limit yourself to just one package. Moreover, the choice of tools today is simply huge.

Most popular 3D packages:

3 Ds Max

3Ds Max- "pioneer" among 3D editors, a very popular tool, number 1 in the choice of many beginners and advanced professionals. Leading positions in design and architectural visualization. Often used in the gaming industry.

Possibilities:

• modeling based on polygons, splines and NURBS,
• powerful particle system,
• hair / wool module,
• advanced shaders Shader FX,
• support for new and improved mechanisms Iray and mental ray.
• crowd animation,
• import from Revit and SketchUp,
• integration of compositing.

And much more.

Pros: huge functionality, many plugins and training information.

Minuses: not so easy to learn, the "old-timer" needs serious updates.

Autodesk Maya

Maya is the industry standard for 3D graphics in film and television. Maya is popular among large studios and large-scale projects in advertising, cinema, and the game industry. The package is ideal for creating animations.

Possibilities:

• full set of tools for NURBS and polygonal modeling;
• powerful tools for general and character animation;
• advanced particle system;
• Maya Fur technology (creation of fur, hair, grass);
• Maya Fluid Effects technology (modeling of liquids, atmosphere);
• a wide range of tools for creating dynamic special effects;
• UV textures, normals and color coding;
• multiprocessor flexible rendering.

Pros: huge functionality and capabilities.

Minuses: long and complex training, high system requirements, high price.

Cinema 4 D

Cinema 4 D- one of the best and most convenient 3D packages to date. Huge functionality: from modeling, animation, effects to sculpting and the BodyPaint 3D module. It has a clearer and more user-friendly interface than 3Ds Max and Maya. It is widely used in motion design, film industry and advertising.

Possibilities:

• polygonal and NURBS modeling;
• BodyPaint 3D (a module for creating UV and texture maps);
• generation and animation of objects;
• character animation;
• dynamics of soft and solid bodies;
• module for creating realistic hair;
• Thinking Particles system;
• nice built-in visualizer.

Pros: easy to learn, intuitive interface, great functionality, lots of training materials, close connection with Adobe After Effects, Houdini, etc.

Minuses: unsettled system of transition between versions.

Modo

Modo is a complete product for modeling, drawing, animation and rendering. Also includes tools for sculpting and texture painting. Due to its ease of use and high performance, Modo has a reputation for being one of the fastest modeling tools. Modo is popular in advertising, game development, special effects, and architectural visualization.

Possibilities:

• polygonal and SDS modeling;
• modern animation tools;
• dynamics of rigid and soft bodies;
• drawing system;
• Fur material (fur) for creating hair, grass and fur;
• sculpting tools;
• fast and high quality visualization.

Pros: powerful and understandable toolkit, high performance.

Minuses: not enough information.

Side Effects Houdini

Houdini- a powerful professional package for working with 3D graphics, based on a procedural node system. Houdini is ideal for creating complex dynamics, simulations: particles, liquid, smoke, fire, simulation of natural phenomena, etc. It is also a great tool for creating impressive visual effects. The main area of ​​application for Houdini is in the film industry.

Possibilities:

• polygonal and NURBS modeling,
• animation (key, procedural),
• character animation,
• particle system,
• dynamics of hard and soft bodies, tissues, wool / hair, gases and liquids,
• work with surround sound,
• powerful rendering engine Mantra,
• built-in compositing tool.

Pros: high quality special effects and animation.

Minuses: little information, high price.

Softimage

Softimage(Autodesk Softimage, formerly Softimage / XSI) is a 3D animation and visual effects program for the game industry, film and television.

Softimage had one of the very best animation systems out there. Thanks to the unique ICE system (Interactive Creative Environment - a node-based visual programming platform), the package offered wide functionality, flexibility, high performance and quality.

Possibilities:

• powerful polygonal as well as procedural modeling in the ICE environment;
• physics and dynamics of particles and geometry;
• nonlinear animation;
• Autodesk Face Robot facial animation tools;
• built-in MentalRay.

In 2008, Autodesk bought Softimage from Avid for $ 35 million. In 2015, Autodesk announced that it would no longer sell licenses for Softimage, effectively ditching one of the strongest players in the market. The official website suggests switching to 3Ds Max or Maya.

LightWave

Lightwave 3D is a 3D animation and visual effects tool from NewNek. It has long been the industry standard in film and television.

The new and improved LightWave 2015 package offers tremendous opportunities: from dynamic modeling, character animation, visual effects to game development and architectural rendering.

Possibilities:

• intuitive dual interface (modeler and layout);
• powerful polygonal modeling;
• advanced animation system;
• particle system;
• Genoma 2 character outfit system;
• improved rendering;
• interactive dynamic inheritance (Interactive Dynamic Parenting);
• flexible Bullet Dynamics system;

Pros: huge functionality, convenient dual interface.

Minuses: not so popular in our country and the CIS countries, there is little information.

Blender

The only free 3D package on the list, which is practically not inferior in functionality to paid applications. Blender includes tools for 3D modeling, animation, and a range of options for game creation, visual effects and sculpting. An excellent alternative to 3D animation "monsters". Thanks to the support of the Blender Foundation, the program is developing very quickly and steadily.

Possibilities:

• polygonal modeling, splines, NURBS curves and surfaces;
• sculpting mode;
• particle system;
• dynamics of hard and soft bodies: liquid, wool / hair, etc .;
• skeletal animation;
• built-in rendering engines and integration with third-party renderers;
• video editor;
• functions for creating games and applications (Game Blender).

Pros: availability, open source, cross-platform, small size (about 50 megabytes), wide functionality, the ability to create games.

Minuses: lack of documentation in the basic delivery.

So, in short:

• 3Ds Max- computer games, interiors, visualization.
• Maya- animation, film industry, television, clips.
• Cinema 4D- special effects in film and television, motion design, advertising.
• Modo- advertising, games, special effects in movies.
• Houdini- visual programming, special effects in cinema.
• Softimage- animation and special effects in films, television, games.
• LightWave- special effects in cinema, television.
• Blender- character animation, game creation.

In conclusion, I would like to note: the 3D editor is just a tool, the potential of which can only be revealed by the designer himself, the CG artist. Having mastered one package in full, it will not be difficult to study others.

Good luck with your studies and work!

3D graphics do not necessarily involve projection onto a plane ...

Collegiate YouTube

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✪ 3D Graphics Theory Lesson 01 - Introduction to 3D Graphics

✪ Computer graphics in cinema

✪ Lecture 1 | Computer graphics | Vitaly Galinsky | Lectorium

✪ 12 - Computer graphics. Basic concepts of computer graphics

✪ Lecture 4 | Computer graphics | Vitaly Galinsky | Lectorium

Subtitles

Application

Three-dimensional graphics are actively used to create images on the plane of a screen or sheet of printed matter in science and industry, for example, in design automation systems (CAD; for creating solid elements: buildings, machine parts, mechanisms), architectural visualization (this also includes the so-called "Virtual archeology"), in modern medical imaging systems.

The widest application is in many modern computer games, as well as as an element of cinema, television, and printed materials.

3D graphics typically deal with a virtual, imaginary three-dimensional space that is displayed on a flat, two-dimensional surface of a display or sheet of paper. Currently, there are several methods for displaying three-dimensional information in a volumetric form, although most of them represent volumetric characteristics rather conditionally, since they work with a stereo image. From this area, one can note stereo glasses, virtual helmets, 3D displays capable of showing a three-dimensional image. Several manufacturers have demonstrated production-ready 3D displays. However, 3D displays still do not allow for the creation of a complete physical, tangible copy. mathematical model created by three-dimensional graphics methods. Rapid prototyping technologies that have developed since the 1990s are filling this gap. It should be noted that rapid prototyping technologies use the representation of a mathematical model of an object in the form of a solid (voxel model).

Creation

To obtain a three-dimensional image on a plane, the following steps are required:

• modeling- creation of a three-dimensional mathematical model of the scene and objects in it;
• texturing- assignment of raster or procedural textures to the surfaces of models (also implies setting material properties - transparency, reflections, roughness, etc.);
• lighting- installation and configuration;
• animation(in some cases) - giving motion to objects;
• dynamic simulation(in some cases) - automatic calculation of the interaction of particles, hard / soft bodies, etc. with the simulated forces of gravity, wind, pushing, etc., as well as with each other;
• rendering(visualization) - building a projection in accordance with the selected physical model;
• compositing(layout) - image refinement;
• output of the resulting image to an output device - a display or a special printer.

Modeling

The most popular packages for purely modeling are:

• Robert McNeel & Assoc. Rhinoceros 3D;

To create a three-dimensional model of a person or a creature, a sculpture can be used as a prototype (in most cases).

Texturing

SketchUp

3D rendering in games and applications

There are a number of software libraries for rendering 3D graphics in application programs - DirectX, OpenGL, and so on.

There are a number of approaches to representing 3D graphics in games - full 3D, pseudo-3D.

Such packages do not even always allow the user to operate a 3D model directly, for example, there is an OpenSCAD package, in which the model is formed by executing a user-generated script written in a specialized language.

3D displays

3D or stereoscopic displays, (3D displays, 3D screens) - displays, by means of stereoscopic or some other effect, creating the illusion of real volume in the displayed images.

Currently, the vast majority of three-dimensional images are shown using the stereoscopic effect, as the easiest to implement, although the use of stereoscopy alone cannot be called sufficient for volumetric perception. The human eye, both in pairs and alone, equally well distinguishes volumetric objects from flat images [ ] .