Sergey

PS C: \ Users \ Gerald> Find-Package "* paint.net *" -ProviderName Chocolatey Name Version Source Summary ---- ------- ------ ------- paint .net 4.0.6 chocolatey Paint.NET is image and photo manipulation software designed to be used on computers tha ...

Literally today I came across Habrahabr for the first time mentioning Chocolatey and right there in your mailing list. It seemed that this is it! I thought it would be an amazing script replacement for the auto-installation of free software from ninite.com, but alas. The relevance of the software is not supported at the paranoid level, and the problematic is described by the participants above.

Vitaly

I believe the UNIX philosophy is better suited for the console:

Write programs that work together.
Write programs that support text streams because it is a generic interface.

• Vitaly, what is included in Windows console utility for ZIP? And this is done to simplify scripts in PowerShell, no need to go into CMD, integrated help, etc.

  • Lecron

    And why go into cmd, if both shells, and both must independently run executable files and manage their input / output?
    I do not mind the inclusion of such functionality, especially if it is done smartly, like an interface to zlib, and not another swelling of the code base - one thing in the explorer, another in the shell, and a third-party in cmd.

    Vitaly

    No, it is not included.
    But on my hosting, when I tried to use zip for the first time, I got something like “zip is not installed. Install with apt-get install zip ".

    Climb into cmd? Above said that PS should run binaries.

    Reference? In Linux, the command man% utility_name% or% utility_name% -?, The first one gives a detailed manual, the second one as a brief reference on the parameters. It seems to work everywhere.

    As a result, the command interpreter on Linux is both a simple and powerful thing, there are many alternatives, since there is nothing complicated in it, it just launches programs, controls the output stream and interprets the simplest syntax.

    strafer

    Vadim Sterkin: Vitaly, does Windows include a console utility for ZIP?

    I'm embarrassed to ask: wasn't it easier to add it than to file the built-in functionality?

By setting new version operating system Windows, novice users come across new names of programs that they may not have heard before and the purpose of which they do not understand. One such application is PowerShell. If it is preinstalled in the OS, then it serves for something. What is this Winodws PowerShell program, users often ask this question. Let's take a closer look at it.

This application is a useful tool for system administrators and developers, but for other users, especially beginners, it is of little use. Windows PowerShell is a modern, improved command line that is capable of providing more flexibility in configuring and managing your computer in operating system Windows. In other words, the same command line with additional features.

PowerShell Features and Purpose

You can see that this Winodws PowerShell program is the interface to the scripting language and is also the platform for executing those scripts. PowerShell was released in 2006, which was included in the second service pack and since then the program has become part of all Microsoft operating systems. The scripts of this program have the PS1 extension and are able to run like the BAT and CMD files.

This scripting language was developed primarily for Microsoft business clients who require powerful tools to automate various tasks in the management of computers and servers, under Windows control... The language is based on the .NET platform from Microsoft.

Windows PowerShell provides the ability to automate many different tasks and processes. It allows you to establish control over services, accounts, settings, processes, etc. The scripting language accepts all commands from the OS command line, in turn has a rich language of its own, which consists of certain commands, they are called cmdlets. These cmdlets work on the Verb + Noun principle. For example, "Get-Help", which in English means "Get Help". This cmdlet brings up Help. To get information about a cmdlet, enter "Get-Help Get-Process". In this case, the program will provide information about the "Get-Process" comendlet.

Launching and Running Windows PowerShell

There are a few different ways run the Windows PowerShell program on the OS. For ease of searching for programs in the operating system, there is a search box. You can find it by opening the My Computer shortcut at the top of the screen on the right side. Enter PowerShell and open the program in the search results. In Windows 10, the program can be launched from any working folder, for this you need to click on the "File" button in the upper left part.

To demonstrate how this works Windows program PowerShell, let's try some of its features, for example, let's clean the trash can. There is a special cmdlet for this function - "Clear-RecycleBin". It is useful for writing a script when servicing computers. When entering such a command, you need to specify the local drive where the application is located with which you want to perform this action: "Clear-RecycleBin C:". Next, a line with a confirmation request will appear, here you must press the "Y" and "Enter" keys.

If you add the "-Force" part to the "Clear-RecycleBin C:" cmdlet, the trash can be emptied without confirmation.

1. Let's unpack the archive using PowerShell.
2. For this, there are predefined commands "Expand-Archive" and "Compress-Archive".
3. To archive the folder "C: \ file \" to "C: \ archive \ file2.zip", follow the specified command: "Compress-Archive –LiteralPath C: \ file \ -DestinationPath C: \ archive \ file2.zip ...
4. As a result of executing this command, an archive with the name “file2.zip” will appear in the above directory, in which the contents of the folder “C: \ file \” will be archived.

Basic PowerShell Cmdlets

This program has a lot of different commands that are applied to various Windows components and it will not be possible to describe all of them in this article. Some basic Windows PowerShell commands are:

1. "Update-Help" - update help for a specific component.
2. "Get-Help" - getting help.
3. Get-Command - Search from a list of cmdlets.
4. Format-Table - An overview of the result of a specific command in a table.
5. "New-Variable" is a new variable.
6. "Remove-Variable" - deleting the value of a variable.
7. "Set-Variable" - specify a value for a variable.
8. "Format-Wide" - an overview of the result of the executed command in the form of a table, in which there is only one property for one object.

For many users, this integral element of the Windows operating system seems to be a real mystery. Opening it, they see a list of incomprehensible symbols, which is not possible for the uninitiated to understand. But do not underestimate it, this is a program that carries an important management function, capable of simplifying work with a PC, no matter how it is expressed.

Utility fully automated, minimal human intervention is required to manage workflows. All you need to do is give the correct commands. But before doing this, you need to understand the main question: What is Windows PowerShell, for what purposes it serves and what functions it performs.

Program overview

In fact, this is an improved version of MS-DOS - the oldest disk operating system from Microsoft, released back in the mid-80s. last century. It contained applications, with function of interpreters far from perfect, who knew how to set a few simple commands.

Developers have repeatedly tried to compensate for the shortcomings of MS-DOS with additional scripting components such as MS Script Host with languages ​​such as Jscript, but this only partially solved the problem. In 2003, development began on a program capable of replacing the old shell called Monad, now known as PowerShell. Although his first launched at the end of 2006 and included in Windows XP, in its final form it was released only after 10 years of continuous improvements, in 2016 when it received open source. PowerShell is widely used in Windows 7, 8, and 10.

Windows PowerShell - what is it

It will not be possible to answer this question in a nutshell, it is too complicated and requires detailed consideration. It is an extensible open source automation tool — a wrapper that encloses a scripting CLI for executing the scripts it contains. The set of scripts enclosed in system files has the PS1 extension, but for the convenience of users runs as usual BAT and CMD files.

Thus, PowerShell is nothing more than a scripting language built on the .NET platform to perform tasks related to managing files stored on the system disk, running processes and services. In addition, he is subject to account management on the Internet and any settings, from system settings, to settings for the functionality of individual applications. But PowerShell itself is only a shell, the main functions are performed by the accompanying elements that fill it. Next, we will try to understand PowerShell so that even “dummies” can understand how to work with the utility.

Cmdlets

The most important are cmdlets, executables that contain own program loaded into a computer to complete the assigned tasks. They are the main component of the Windows Power Shell, responsible for its functionality, and are a set of commands for running a script entered at the command line.

This is slightly different from the queries entered in the browser search bar, but has the same principles... The shell contains a stored collection of hundreds of such commands that perform specific tasks. The cmdlets are formed according to the usual Verb + Noun principle, which reflects their purpose.

Conveyor

The second most important element (command type) in PowerShell, which passes the output of some cmdlets to the input of others, acts as an intermediary between them. The conveyor is mainly used for transfer and return not only cmdlets, but also any other objects. He is also capable of performing more complex and responsible tasks. Most importantly, this does not require writing complex algorithms and scripts.

When creating the pipeline, Microsoft developers used the analogue used in Linux as an illustrative example, but did not copy it, but made it as much as possible convenient and functional... If we compare them, the only common feature between them is the characteristic of functions, expressed in a virtually continuous stream of data containing millions of characters.

Scripts

Scripts are less significant types of commands in PowerShell, which are blocks of codes that are stored in a separate file from the rest, but also support the PS1 extension. Their main advantage serves the fact that the stored codes do not need to be dialed manually each time. It does not matter in which of the text editors they are written, even in Word, even in Paint, the principle is only to adhere to the installed extension.

The shell itself has an integrated scripting environment that can be used even more. simplify their writing... To create them, the text formatting rules have been established, the "$" symbol is used in front of the name, the path to the saved file is enclosed in curly braces, and the properties are accessed using "." ahead. Scripts complemented by arguments using parentheses and comments with "#" symbols.

Supplements

In addition to the standard command types and 240 cmdlets contained in PowerShell, it includes many additions designed to further simplify your work and expand functionality. List of the most important additions:

How to start PowerShell

An additional convenience of the program is that it is launched by PowerShell using different ways that differ technically, but are identical for all versions of Windows, including Windows 10. Thanks to this, everyone selects an individual approach, depending on the situation. There are several ways to start.

Using "Search"

To do this, you need to click on the corresponding icon located on taskbar, or use the key combination " Win +S". In the window that opens, in the search box, type "powershell", and in the output, select "Classic sentence". You can also call context menu right click, where to use "Run as administrator".

Through the start menu

Click on the "Start" button to open the list of applications, in the sorted group entitled "W" select the folder with the program. Expand it and click on the application in the top line. Here, also as an option, you can call the context menu with the right mouse button and run "as administrator".

Using a keyboard shortcut

This method presupposes a preliminary step of replacing the command line with Widows PowerShell with the Win + X Menu function. After that, enter the corresponding menu using a keyboard shortcut, or through the context menu by right-clicking on the "Start" button, where you can select the desired item in the presented list.

Through the "Run" dialog

One of the simplest ways, by opening the " Execute". To call it, use the key combination "Win + R", in the "Open" line, enter a command with the name of the program. To start it, press the "Enter" key or the "OK" button on the window panel.

Using the "Task Manager"

To open the manager, use the keyboard shortcut " Ctrl +Shift +Esc", In the window that opens, in the" File "tab, select the option" Launching a new task". In a new window, opposite the line "Open", enter "powershell" and press "Enter". If you need to create a task on behalf of the administrator, tick the corresponding option and confirm by pressing by clicking the "Ok" button.

Through "Explorer"

After opening it, you will need to specify the name of the folder or drive where the program will run. On File tab select the option "Run Widows PowerShell" and click on the desired item.

Through the system folder

In the search bar enter address programs: "C: \ Windows \ System32 \ WindowsPowerShell \ v1.0". In the list that opens, select the "powershell.exe" folder and open it with a double left click. To simplify the process in the future, you can create shortcut file and pin it to any convenient place: on the taskbar, in the "Start" menu, or on the desktop. If necessary, the shell will be launched by double clicking on the icon.

Procedure for using the utility

Upon first acquaintance with PowerShell, it seems incomprehensible, like formulas in higher mathematics, but this is a deceiving impression. In fact, it is quite easy to use the program if you understand its basics: how it works, the peculiarities of entering and executing commands. In that, different types slightly different, but the principles and rules remain the same for everyone.

On simple example, the command specified as "Get-Help" is a kind of utility reference that provides general information as you type. If you need help on a specific process, for example, about mapped drives, you need to set the command - "Get-Help Get-PSDrive", and so on for any question, changing only the name of the cmdlet. For any action, for example, cleaning the basket from file garbage, "Clear-RecycleBin" is usually used, which is used for more important tasks in PC maintenance and for writing scripts. But he is also responsible for such a simple process as emptying the system recycle bins. First, you need to specify the disk to be cleaned, according to the principle: "Clear-RecycleBin C:" to confirm the action, enter the character "Y" and press "Enter".

Working with a conveyor

In operation, the pipeline is extremely simple and convenient, which makes it especially stand out against the background of other types of commands. For example, if output the result Get-Process containing information about active processes on the PC into the Soft-Object cmdlet, it will sort them by descriptors. Having translated the obtained values ​​into Where-Object, filtration will occur these processes for a given parameter, for example, the smallest amount of page memory. And if this result is output to Select-Object, it will select only the first 10 processes, taking into account the number of descriptors.

Or one more simple example used to get information about the heaviest files stored on the system disk: The Get-ChildItem command opens a directory to select an object, Sort-Object will sort the selected object, and Select-Object will indicate its desired properties.

Working with a script

When creating algorithms, Windows PowerShell ISE is often used, a specially created mechanism, including for using scripts. In it, under the name "Untitled 1.ps1" is introduced body of code... Let's look at a simple example: "WMID WebMoney" in the name, conditionally set "wmid", save the file in the root of the C drive. To start, you will need to enter the directory using the command "cd C: \" the file name should be in the following key: ". \ wmid ". It is noteworthy that the scripts are also run from the OS command line, but this requires change path to it: "powershell.exe C: \ wmid.ps1". It is important to remember that scripts are not allowed to execute by default; to obtain permission for such actions, you must specify the Set-ExecutionPolicy command.

Most Useful PowerShell Cmdlets

The shell contains an impressive catalog of them, represented by hundreds of commands. It is not possible to remember all these names and the properties attached to them. But this does not need to be done, most of them are used extremely rarely, or even not at all applicable in practice. You should pay attention only to the most important, practical, carrying useful functions.

Most helpful in application:

• Get-Help - A reference for cmdlet assignment and general shell properties;
• Update-Help - download and install updated help data;
• Get-Command - search engine for the required commands, with auto-filling of the line;
• Get-Alias ​​- reflects the set aliases, a general list or with specifics;
• Get-PSDrive - Introduces running disks and the processes taking place on them;
• Install-WindowsFeature - Role-based and component-based installer;
• Uninstall-WindowsFeature - role-based and component-based uninstaller;
• Get-History - Responsible for returning command lists executed at login.
• $ hversion - Returns the version of the utility

Variables:

• Get-Variable - shows a list of all variables taking into account their values;
• New-Variable - used to configure newly created variables;
• Set-Variable - sets new values ​​if they are not in the list;
• Clear-Variable - content uninstaller that saves the image;
• Remove-Variable - uninstaller of cmdlets and their components.

Formatting:

• Format-List - extended reference;
• Format-Table - displays a table of results of individual commands;
• Format-Wide is an expanded results table with properties for individual objects.

Internet:

• Enable-NetAdapter - to enable the adapter;
• Rename-NetAdapter - sets a new name and view;
• Restart-NetAdapter - used to restart;
• Get-NetIPAddress - Provides proxy server configuration data;
• Set-NetIPAddress - sets a new configuration for the proxy server;
• New-NetIPAddress - deals with the creation and configuration of a proxy server;
• Remove-NetIPAddress - proxy server uninstaller;
• New-NetRoute - used to add additional entries;
• Get-NetIPv4Protocol - provides data over the IPv4 protocol;
• Get-NetIPInterface - Reflects the properties and characteristics of the IP web interface.

Elements:

• Get-Item - takes items along a given path;
• Move-Item - to move items to other folders;
• New-Item - used to create and design;
• Remove-Item - uninstaller of checked items;
• Get-Location - Shows the current location.

Background jobs:

• Start-Job - Performs startup;
• Stop-Job - stops work;
• Get-Job - opens the list;
• Receive-Job - provides information about the results;
• Remove-Job is an uninstaller for background tasks.

Objects:

• Measure-Object - used to calculate numerical aggregation parameters;
• Select-Object - for selection with specific properties;
• Where-Object - Reflects conditions regarding selection by value and properties.

Services and Processes:

• Get-Process - shows information about active PC processes;
• Start-Process - launches on a PC;
• Stop-Process - stops the work of the selected;
• Get-Service - Provides data about active services;
• Restart-Service - performs a restart;
• Start-Service - used to connect the selected;
• Stop-Service - pauses the process;
• Set-Service - Changes service properties and connection mode.

Computer and system:

• Restart-Computer - used to restart the OS;
• Checkpoint-Computer - to create a system recovery copy for a PC;
• Restore-Computer - responsible for starting the restored system;
• Remove-Computer - uninstalls the local PC from the domain name;
• Clear-EventLog - Clears the list of log entries.

Content:

What is PowerShell ISE

It is a graphical shell for a scripting language that comes with the utility as an application, mainly for launching independent consoles. During startup, it is supported by Unicode and symbolic standards, with access to the main program interface tabs. It is developed to create scripts, edit and manage them, with the function of tracking their location. In addition, he knows how to work with text documents in any format and XML files, execute selected fragments of scripts, and due to the built-in editor, it is able to update the interface, expanding and supplementing it.

Convenience of work is created by color syntax highlighting, which greatly facilitates testing for identifying errors and inconsistencies in codes. With the help of the environment, it can copy and change significant fragments in codes, run individual parts of scripts. It is noted that ISE is far superior to the Power Shell consoles itself, and is quite capable of replacing it.

Removing a program

Microsoft PowerShell is a system component, so you can't uninstall it in principle. Of course, if you really want to, you can use and remove this system component, but this can lead to the inoperability of the system, therefore Not recommended do it.

It is worth noting, though, that sometimes it is necessary to uninstall Windows PowerShell 1.0 because the operating system may not be updated due to this element. You can do it like this:

• Launch system search and enter appwiz.cpl.
• In the window choose- View installed updates.
• Are looking for required component in the list of updates, usually KB928439 and remove it.

Windows PowerShell, even at a stretch, cannot be called a simple and accessible program, it is difficult to understand, and it will not be possible to master it in a short period of time. But given the fact that it was created not at all for programmers, but for novice users, it is not as incomprehensible as it might seem. The obvious advantage of the shell is its convenience and automated process, and all that is required is to delve into the intricacies.

We all know what the command line is, what opportunities it provides, but not everyone knows about a similar interface called. In fact, it is almost the same command line, only with much more extensive capabilities. This article will discuss what PowerShell is and what this tool has to offer us.

Definition of PowerShell

Let's start with what a shell is. A shell is an interface that allows you to take advantage of some of the functions of the operating system. Thus, PowerShell is a shell developed by Microsoft for more automated task execution. This tool is built on top of .NET and a command line shell and scripting language.

Also, there is such a thing as, which acts as an integrated scripting environment, in other words, it is a graphical interface with which we can create some kind of scripts, and we do not need to enter all the commands on the command line for this.

The first version of the PowerShell tool appeared back in 2006 for Windows XP, Server 2003 and Vista. On this moment the latest version of the tool is 4.0. Released in 2013 along with Windows 8.1.

What does PowerShell do?

As I said above, Microsoft created this utility so that any tasks with the operating system can be performed much faster. Let's say you want to see which ones are connected to the computer, and so, this can be done using PowerShell. You can also create, which will be executed in background while you go about your business. If superfluous background processes that load systems, they can be disabled using PowerShell. Also, you can create a document that will store information about computer networks or something else.

Thus, using this utility, you can easily and quickly perform time-consuming tasks, as well as create any scripts or combine several commands.

In the event that you are a network administrator, then PowerShell can help you with work, for example, with Active Directory. Also, it is worth noting that the utility contains over 100 commands. This suggests that it will help you solve most of the problems.

Running PowerShell on Windows 7

In order to run PowerShell on this operating system, you need to enter "" in the Start search box.

In another way, the tool can be opened by going to the Start menu, all programs, standard and the folder Windows PowerShell.

Running PowerShell on Windows 8.1

To open PowerShell in Windows 8.1, you must enter in the search keyword"" To open the search, click Win + Q.

Another way to open is through the window " Execute". Push Win + R, the window you type in opens.

Daily use

This tool is used by many IT specialists and administrators, and for good reason, as it provides great opportunities and reduces the time for performing any tasks.

If a user has a large network in his use, which consists of several hundred servers, then it will be necessary to implement a security system that will work when using a certain service. The problem is that you need to check if this service is installed on all servers. Of course, you can manually connect to each server, but the management will not like it very much, since it will take a very long time to complete such a task.

To reduce the work time to several minutes, you can use PowerShell, with the help of which, using one script, we will collect all the necessary information and save it into a separate document.

Also, quite a few books have been written about this tool, nevertheless, this tool provides ample opportunities that are unlikely to be fully described in this article. Thus, if you are interested in this topic, you can start studying it in more detail.