This type of construction as a townhouse came to our country from the venerable Great Britain, in which it was built for more than two hundred years. Soviet architecture did not have much variety. The beginning of the twentieth century can be safely called the era of the architectural avant-garde, but after 1932, Stalin's neoclassicism took its place in the buildings, which completely and rather quickly became the state's urban planning policy. The architectural project of the Palace of Soviets in 1932 became the last in the era of the avant-garde, after its completion, all architecture began to be built in a new guise. No other project in the USSR was built in the style of constructivism. The era of the Stalinist Empire ended as quickly as it began (naturally, by historical standards). It was replaced by gray faceless typical buildings, first of the Khrushchev era, and then of the Brezhnev era, which, with some minor changes, existed until the collapse of the Soviet state, and makes up most of the modern dull urban development. The reason for this degradation was the transition from personal authorship of architects to the work of entire teams - the authorship of the projects belonged not to one architect, but to entire enterprises, where no one was responsible for anything.

Currently, architectural teams are building buildings that best meet the needs of the buyer. One of the types of such buildings is a townhouse. In times of crisis, people do not want to build huge mansions, they realize that in addition to the construction itself, it will need to be maintained, and such costs require considerable funds. A townhouse is a hybrid of a city apartment and a country house. Most often, townhouse villages are built in picturesque areas, but not far from the metropolis, so that the owner of such a house can get to work without spending too much time on the road. Sometimes townhouses can be found in the center of big cities, such buildings will delight urbanized people who cannot imagine themselves outside the bustle of the metropolis. In this case, you can forget about low prices for a townhouse, as prices for square meters in the center of big cities are by no means small. Therefore, most often townhouses can be found in the suburbs of megalopolises, as well as in the sleeping areas of large cities.

Convenience lovers will not be disappointed - the developer's company is in charge of taking care of the consumer. All necessary communications such as water, electricity, gas and sewerage are installed. Very often, townhouse owners are given the opportunity to regulate heating, choose the optimal temperature for their family. Hot water no one will turn it off in the summer, which is also an undoubted plus. Car lovers cannot but rejoice at the new roads that are laid during the construction of townhouses, because a developed transport infrastructure is an invariable attribute of a modern townhouse. Prices for townhouses in the Moscow region start from 3 million rubles for the most shameful options with a small area, without a central sewerage system, up to 8-12 million rubles for a pretty decent brick economy class townhouse in a high degree of readiness.

The townhouse itself is a series of adjacent houses that have common walls. This is how the developer saves precious capital when building a townhouse: densely standing houses take up less land than, for example, if you build several houses nearby, but separately. Savings also occur when laying communications - they do not have to be carried out several times, they all lead to the same building. Adjacent walls, land, communications - and now the price of a house is much lower when sold, and this kind of housing is already available to many people. Why not? Will there be a country house? Will. And the land plot? Too. And the garage, and parking space, and even the security of the cottage community is present! And the price is much lower than buying a separate mansion. And the neighbors? So a separate entrance to the room decides everything if you want privacy.

Townhouse - great option housing for successful middle-class people who prefer to really relax in their home and live not in a stuffy metropolis, but in nature. Health, tea, not official.

Hello dear reader! In other articles of my blog, I told "" and "", today I decided to talk about a communication tool that is often used by Internet users. What is chat and how to use it will be interesting for novice users. If you are more advanced, then this information is irrelevant for you.

The word "chat" can be understood as any instant messaging system... Is happening given word from English "Chat" (translation "conversation", "chatter"). Chats differ from forums and other Internet communication in that messages are exchanged in real time. Virtual communication in real time is as close to real as possible. This is due to the fact that the interlocutor does not have time to think over the phrase, how this can be done when communicating on the forum or on e-mail, that is, there is "live" communication.

In chats, emoticons are very widely used, that is, pictures with pretty faces are often yellow, denoting certain emotions. This allows you to give communication even more liveliness and reduce the amount of typed text, expressing your emotions with a beautiful picture.

You can also see an example of emoticons on this blog, at the bottom of each article there are emoticons so that you can express your emotions in the comments. From a technical point of view, chats can be organized as follows:

Web chats. These are entire sites that provide the ability to communicate in real time. These kinds of chats usually have so-called "rooms". That is, users are divided into groups depending on the topic of conversation. The entrance to the room can be free or restricted by its creator. When communicating in such a chat, everyone sees each other's messages, that is, there is a semblance of a group conversation in the company of friends.

If you wish, you can send a private message to an individual user, other interlocutors will not see it, but will find out that it was sent. Such services have lost their former popularity today. Previously, they were actively used for dating, today it is more convenient to use for this social networks that have chats built in. And besides that, they give a lot of information about the interlocutor: photos, hobbies, friends, place of residence and much more. Mini web chats can also be used on corporate websites of enterprises. For example, to communicate a client with technical support or with a sales manager. Such mini-chats can be both group and individual (one-to-one communication).

A separate group should include chats used for communication in local network... Examples of such applications are Vypress Chat, Intranet Chat and others. Typically, such programs do not have the ability to work on the global network, and they do not require a server to run. You can read an example of such a chat in my article, only the developers emphasized that it will be used for video communication.

Today, the most popular are chats operating on a client-server system. This means that somewhere on the Internet there is a server to which clients (programs) installed on users' computers connect. An example of such chats can be ICQ, Qip, Skype, Windows Messenger and others. To communicate in these systems, you need to immediately find the interlocutor by any data: by name, unique identifier, email address or residence address.

After that, the interlocutor will be placed in the list of contacts, and for communication you will just need to select him in the program window. When using such systems, the user sets his own status in the program (online, offline, invisible, do not disturb, walked away and others), which tells potential interlocutors about the possibility and desire to respond to the message. The list of contacts, and in some systems, the history of communications, are stored on the server.

Thanks to this, you can start communication on any device on which the client is installed and has Internet access. To do this, you just need to enter the username and password received during registration. By "any device" we mean not only computers, but other devices on which the client program can be installed (smartphones, Cell Phones etc.).

Against the background of the above competitors, Skype program has a number of advanced features. It allows, in addition to individual communication, to create conferences, multi-user chats. And also offers an alternative to simple exchange text messages and file transfer, you can use it to organize audio and video communication.

Including multi-user audio / video conferences. Such methods of communication are a logical continuation of the development of chat rooms. Voice communication on Skype is considered to be a substitute telephone connection, but in essence it continues to be a chat, in which the storage medium is simply changed.

Let's draw the line on the question, what is chat? It is a way of communication between people in any format: video, audio or text. Chat can be used for personal purposes, as well as for organizing the work of employees. Hired work via the Internet is now developing at lightning speed. Large corporations do not want to pay for an office and therefore hire freelancers who work from home, and communication between employers takes place through chat rooms.

Answers to AIF crossword number 22

Horizontal answers:

1. " Nervous system" politicians. 12 letter answer: JOURNALISM

3. What kind of "sculpture" is it customary for Romanians to decorate with garlands of garlic in order to "rid the whole family of infection"? 8 letter answer: SNOWMAN

9. "Thyroid" doctor. 12 letter answer: ENDOCRINOLOGIST

10. Field hockey Canadians. 7 letter answer: LACROSS

14. "News feed" of the Internet. 7 letter answer: TWITTER

18. Herbivore. 12 letter answer: VEGETARIAN

20. Who invented Detective Nero Wolfe? 5 letter answer: STOUT

21. Member of the cartoon rescue squad. 4 letter answer: ZHIK

23. What used to replace the calculator? 5 letter answer: ACCOUNTS

30. “When I first saw Sasha, I realized that I had crept into our relationship with Igor…”. 11 letter answer: DISHARMONY

32. The heroes of the mystical drama "The Green Mile" nicknamed the electric chair "Old Woman ..." behind their backs. 5 letter answer: ISKRA

35. Grinding grain. 6 letter answer: HAPPY

37. Chacha snack. 5 letter answer: LOBIO

38. Serbian round dance. 4 letter answer: KOLO

39. Throne. 3 letter answer: HALL

40. Struggle for low calorie content. 5 letter answer: DIET

41. Reaction to tickling. 4 letter answer: LAUGHTER

43. What's included in the groove? 3 letter answer: SHIP

44. “I got married to a giraffe… to a bison”. 4 letter answer: DAUGHTER

46. ​​Favorite Crimean resort of the Russian Emperor Alexander II. 7 letter answer: LIVADIA 48. Where a motorist might not fit? 7 letter answer: ROTATE

49. What antidepressant killed Sigmund Freud? 6 letter answer: COCAINE

50. Coward from "Moonshiners", who was in real life a staunch teetotaler. 5 letter answer: VICIN

51. "The river at the end of the road." 5 letter answer: UST

53. In which publishing house was the first book of stories by Mikhail Zoshchenko published? 5 letter answer: ERATO

54. Accounting shmon. 5 letter answer: AUDIT

Vertically:

1. Sin of Othello. 12 letter answer: MARRIAGE

2. Favorite drink of Russian Symbolists. 6 letter answer: COGNAC

4. Taboo for fishing. 6 letter answer: SPRING

5. Crocodile with Cheburashka. 4 letter answer: GENA

6. Whom did Little Red Riding Hood find in her grandmother's bed? 4 letter answer: WOLF

7. American crossover. 4 letter answer: KUGA

8. What class ruled during the time of Ivan the Terrible? 5 letter answer: BOYARE

11. Fight of mongrels. 5 letter answer: SVARA

12. "Island of the Sunken Civilization". 9 letter answer: ATLANTIS

13. Which country initiated the creation of OPEC? 9 letter answer: VENEZUELA

15. How often do they “apologize to a girl”? 5 letter answer: FLOWERS

16. Singer and composer ... Nikolaev. 5 letter answer: IGOR

17. Which of the classics of Russian music lived with his family in the villa of Coco Chanel? 11 letter answer: STRAVINSKY

22. Creator of idols. 11 letter answer: IMAGE Maker

24. Servant of Satan. 4 letter answer: SHOOT

25. "Minced meat" for cheesecakes. 6 letter answer:

26. With which legendary commander is the code name of the military operation associated, during which our army liberated the territory of Belarus from the Nazi invaders? 9 letter answer: BAGRATION

27. Witchcraft atrocity. 5 letter answer: EYE

28. "I walked along the valleys and hills ... forward." 7 letter answer: DIVISION

31. Sexless style. 7 letter answer: UNISEX

33. Region feeding neighbors. 5 letter answer: DONOR

34. Cowboy revolver. 5 letter answer: COLT

36. "A purring cat and a burning one ... make the winter pleasant." 5 letter answer: FIREPLACE

42. What do they pay for by the meter? 5 letter answer: TAXI

43. Dressmaker's craft. 5 letter answer: SEWING

44. The French classic Stendhal is convinced that "every reasonable ... hurts." 5 letter answer: CONDITION

45. An English village with a cottage, where the world novelist Jane Austen spent the last years of her life. 5 letter answer: CHOTEN

46. ​​"Doesn't go yet ... to the clouds." 4 letter answer: LIFT

47. Who was Korben Dallas trying to flirt with? 4 letter answer: LILU

48. An American traveler who replaced tents and sleeping bags with ice igloos. 4 letter answer: PIRI

There are no related posts.

Good day, dear visitors of the site Yapodskazhu.ru. Today we post the answers to the crossword puzzle published on August 30 in the Argumenty i Fakty newspaper in the 35th issue of 2017. The answers are located at the bottom of the page and are supplemented as they are solved. Good luck and have a nice day!

Horizontally:

1. Sports preference Cameron Diaz.
5. Who "clicks like nuts" crosswords?
9. The first star that could be seen during the day with a telescope.
11. "Electronic cashier".
12. Sports with knockouts.
13. The clerk of the underworld.
14. Precisely ... the nanny gave Tatyana Larina's love letter to Eugene Onegin.
15. In which camp did all the pioneers of the USSR aspire to get?
18. Who in 1897 achieved the introduction of the "gold standard" in Russia?
19. "Kilometer experience" of the car.
22. A hybrid of a city apartment with a country house.
23. "His heavenly ... everyone repairs alone."
25. Floor standing ... in the room.
27. What pop star has already been dubbed "the new Amy Winehouse"?
30. Film "Night" by Timur Bekmambetov.
31. Where does the tightrope walker work?
35. The method of Chinese medicine.
36. "Firstborns" in the team.
41. Logical.
42. A toy from the science fiction novel "A Ring Around the Sun" by American Clifford Simak, returning to the "magical land of childhood."
45. Vanilla.
47. Which writer married the poetess Bella Akhmadulina for the fifth time?
48. The "Storyteller" in two.
49. "Orleans ..." by Pyotr Tchaikovsky?
50. "Swing shopping bag".
51. "Heir" of the armor of Achilles.
52. Substance of the flask.
53. What profession unites Arina Rodionovna with Mary Poppins?
54. Visiting masculine.
55. Saxophonist of American presidents.
56. Booze cowboys.
57. What do we “saturate” our speeches with?
58. Compartment….

Vertically:

1. What did False Dmitry I promise to introduce to the Polish king in Russia?
2. " The Snow Queen Hollywood ".
3. Pilot for tourists.
4. Cossack settler.
6. "I ... they don't get it all."
7. "Marching meeting".
8. How did Joseph Stalin call Nadezhda Alliluyeva in his letters?
10. Who of the Bolsheviks rode through Germany with Vladimir Lenin in the same sealed carriage?
13. Che Guevara's headdress in his classic portrait.
16. Pilgrimage to death.
17. Cheap "megalomania".
20. "Attention magnet" on the margins of the book.
21. Chat of an individual user.
24. "I drink to the ruined ... to my wicked life."
26. What is the purpose of taking an ice shower?
28. "Khan's tax".
29. Hollywood sex symbol who earned a dollar and a half an hour, working as a dishwasher.
32. "Opponent" of SMERSH.
33. Which French actress has played the role of Maria Callas twice on stage and in films?
34. Evil spirit among the Slavs.
37. A student of the last grade.
38. "Stolichnaya Rossiyanka".
39. Meeting with flowers under the clock.
40. What meat do the Mongols consider the most useful, since it belongs to an animal "with hot breath"?
43. The bonds of the prisoner.
44. Reunification of the nose ring.
45. Who "gave life" to Commissioner Maigret?
46. ​​Controlling ... shares.
48. Keg for beer.

Answers to the crossword puzzle "AiF" No. 35 for 2017

Horizontally: 1. Kickboxing 5. Erudite 9. Arcturus 11. ATM 12. Boxing 13. Imp 14. Grandson 15. Artek 18. Witte 19. Run 22. Townhouse 23. Arch 25. Vase 27. Adele 30. Watch 31. Circus 35. Acupuncture 36. Asset 41. Conclusion 42. Spinning top 45. Sugar 47. Nagibin 48. Grandmother 49. Virgo 50. Hammock 51. Odysseus 52. Reagent 53. Nanny 54. Visit 55. Clinton 56. Whiskey 57. Spruce 58. Wagon.

The housing issue will be relevant for a long time. An apartment in a high-rise building is enough for most of the townspeople, but wealthy people choose large and comfortable housing. For example, own house, penthouse, duplex or townhouse.

These words are often used when talking about individual housing. I propose to find out what is duplex, townhouse and penthouse in real estate and what is the difference between them.

A kind of hybrid of a city apartment with a country house. American type of building, which first appeared in Russia in the mid-90s. It is a block of two- or three-storey apartments with common walls, but always with a separate entrance. Typical layout: first floor - living room, dining room and kitchen, second - study, nursery, bedroom. Bathroom on each floor.

Townhouses are popular among the middle class due to their low cost and the successful combination of the advantages of a city apartment and a country house. It is also important that the fee for utilities in a townhouse is lower than in a cottage. Lack or small size land plot can be considered both an advantage and a disadvantage - it all depends on the desire to take care of the land. But the fact that there is no need to buy land is a definite plus.

I want to note that it has become fashionable to call a townhouse any permanent block-section, regardless of location. However, the townhouse must be located within the city (Town - city, House - house). A great example of a true townhouse is shown below.

A country house divided into two isolated sections with separate entrances, united only by common walls and a roof. Common, of course, is the communication system. Buying a duplex is believed to be ideal for families, well knowledgeable friend friend. Often such houses are bought by families with growing children, assuming that the child's future family will live nearby, but in isolation.

Often, the adjacent territory is equipped in a coordinated manner. By mutual desire, it is possible to place a playground or a sports ground, a recreation area with a barbecue and a gazebo, a bathhouse, etc. Russian duplexes differ from their western counterparts in their layout in several levels and in the basement. But you can go even further and build a quad house - a house with four entrances under one roof.

Buying a duplex and quad house is smart - big money savings come from the shared roof, wall dividing sections and communications.

Luxury housing on the top floor, usually on the roof. The first penthouses appeared in the United States about 100 years ago and quickly spread throughout the world. A little later, mansions began to be built on flat roofs of houses, which were also called penthouses. The entrance to the penthouse is separate - usually it is a private elevator. Almost every penthouse has a small winter garden, often a swimming pool, an observation deck. Penthouses are expensive, but the demand for them is consistently high.

There are few penthouses being built, and living in them is prestigious.

Penthouse and townhouse what is the difference

These types of housing are united only by their purpose - comfort and the conditional absence of neighbors.

• Townhouse is an apartment-type country house with a small plot of land. Penthouse is a luxury city apartment on the roof of a multi-storey building.
• If a townhouse is an ordinary housing with an ordinary layout and the usual functions of separate rooms for an apartment (kitchen, bedroom, living room), then a penthouse can include everything the owner wants (a winter garden with exotic plants, a swimming pool and even a helipad).
• The cost of a penthouse is always individual, since each offer of such housing is unique. Of course, a penthouse is much more expensive than a townhouse.

What is the difference between a duplex and a townhouse

• Townhouse - a block section on two or three levels. The walls of the blocks are common, and the entrances are separate.
• Duplex is a separate house divided into two sections, each with its own entrance. Common to these apartments are interior walls and a roof. There is usually a small plot of land around a duplex that is owned by the homeowners.

When talking about a townhouse, they always mean inexpensive housing. Townhouses are not being built in the villages of elite housing, but among business-class housing they are offered as a budget option. Duplexes are found everywhere - from inexpensive developments to luxury villages.

Often a duplex is viewed as a special case of a townhouse, which, of course, is wrong.